中國儲能網(wǎng)訊：2022~2025年儲能新增裝機中的壓縮空氣儲能滲透率或?qū)⑦_到10%。預(yù)計2025年累計裝機容量達到7GW左右，2026~2030年新增儲能裝機中的壓縮空氣的滲透率有望達到23%。最近壓縮空氣備受投資資金的青睞的趨勢就不奇怪了。
大約40年前，壓縮空氣儲能（CAES）被視為一項具有高潛力的技術(shù)。有人認為它是未來的儲能方式。當(dāng)時只有兩個工廠建成了-1979年的德國和1991年的美國阿拉巴馬州，而在接下來的30年中這項技術(shù)未得到再次應(yīng)用，人們似乎對壓縮空氣儲能（CAES）失去了興趣。
About 40 years ago, compressed air energy storage (CAES) was viewed as a technology with high potential. Some saw it as the energy storage medium of the future. Only two plants were ever built – one in Germany in 1979 and another in Alabama in 1991 – and none in the following thirty years. It seemed that interest in CAES had died.
事情變化就是這么突然。最近全球產(chǎn)業(yè)分析師的一項研究“壓縮空氣儲能-全球市場軌跡和分析”預(yù)測，到2026年全球CAES市場規(guī)模將達到103億美元。雖然這個數(shù)字可能有些樂觀，但背后有它實質(zhì)性的依據(jù)。例如，中國剛剛在北部的張家口市上線了一個100 MW的CAES系統(tǒng)變體。
How suddenly things change. A study by Global Industry Analysts, “Compressed Air Energy Storage – Global Market Trajectory & Analytics”, predicts that the global CAES market will be worth $10.3 billion by 2026. While that number may be optimistic, there is substance behind it. China, for example, just brought online a 100 MW CAES system variant in the city of Zhangjiakou in northern China.
這種CAES復(fù)興是由解決長時儲能問題的需求驅(qū)動的。像加州在電網(wǎng)上裝有大量風(fēng)能和太陽能，迫切需要一種方法來儲存多余的可再生能源的。
This CAES revival is driven by a need to solve the problem of long-duration energy storage. States like California with high amounts of wind and solar on the grid urgently need a way to store excess renewable energy.
“長時儲能（LDES）技術(shù)正在為確保加利福尼亞電網(wǎng)的可靠性做出重要貢獻，”長時儲能理事會執(zhí)行董事朱莉婭·索德爾說?！凹永Ｄ醽啽仨氈贫◤娪辛Φ耐顿Y鼓勵政策，并為LDES這樣的創(chuàng)新技術(shù)制定監(jiān)管框架，以繼續(xù)擴大清潔能源市場，使我們在未來走向凈零排放?！?
“Long duration energy storage (LDES) technologies are making significant contributions to ensure the reliability of California’s electric grid,” said Julia Souder, Executive Director, Long Duration Energy Storage Council. “It is imperative that California create strong investment signals and devise regulatory frameworks for innovative technologies like LDES to continue to expand clean energy markets and move us toward a net-zero future.” GO DEEPER: FlexGen CCO Yann Brandt joined Episode 35 of the Factor This! podcast to answer your burning questions about energy storage. Subscribe wherever you get your podcasts.
儲能難題
Energy storage conundrum
壓縮空氣儲能使用壓縮空氣儲存能量，以便在高峰時段使用。可再生能源的使用激增引發(fā)了對各種儲能技術(shù)的興趣。其中最重要的是電池，它們最近獲得了大量資金和經(jīng)濟激勵措施。然而，電池儲能只提供了幾個小時的儲存時間。它們是良好的短期備用電源。
Compressed air energy storage uses compressed air to store energy to be used later during peak demand hours. The surge in the use of renewable energy has generated interest in all manner of energy storage technologies. Chief among them is batteries, which have recently received an enormous amount of funding and economic incentives. Yet batteries provide only a few hours of storage. They are a good short-term source of backup power.
但是長時儲能怎么辦？它是充分利用可再生能源發(fā)電的必要條件。風(fēng)力通常在晚上和清晨最強，往往只在非高峰時段可用。太陽能更有規(guī)律的，因為日照時長可以更可靠地預(yù)測。風(fēng)能和太陽能往往在電網(wǎng)非高耗能的固定時段發(fā)電，因此需要一種方法來儲存這些多余的能量，以便在風(fēng)能或太陽能不能發(fā)電時可以使用。
But what about long-term storage? It is vitally needed to fully capitalize on renewable generation. Wind generally blows strongest during the night and in the early morning. It tends to be available mainly at off-peak times. The sun is more regular. The daylight hours can be predicted with more confidence. Solar provides plenty of power during the day but drops off as the afternoon progresses. Wind and solar often produce more power at certain times than can be consumed by the grid. A means of storing this excess energy is needed so it can be used when wind or solar energy may not be available.
發(fā)電廠正在以創(chuàng)紀錄的數(shù)量建造電池儲能系統(tǒng)，以利用多余的可再生能源并在高峰時段使用它，但這些不是長時儲能系統(tǒng)。同時，人們正在投資于電解水技術(shù)，將多余的可再生能源轉(zhuǎn)化為氫氣以供以后用于發(fā)電，作為替代或補充天然氣的一種方式。這些都是值得稱贊的努力，但它們還是未能解決能量長時間儲存的問題。因此，CAES被越來越被視為解決儲存挑戰(zhàn)的一種可行且經(jīng)濟高效的方式。
Power producers are building battery energy storage systems in record numbers to harness excess renewable energy and use it during peak hours, but these are not long-duration systems. Similarly, money is being spent on electrolyzer technology that converts excess renewable energy into hydrogen to be stored for later use for power generation as a way to replace or augment natural gas. These are laudable efforts, but they fail to address the problem of long-duration storage. CAES is being increasingly viewed as a viable and cost-efficient way to address the storage challenge.
CAES的案例
The case for CAES
位于德國的Huntorf（320兆瓦）和阿拉巴馬州的McIntosh（110兆瓦）兩個CAES項目已經(jīng)高效運行了幾十年。這些設(shè)施使用非高峰電力來運行壓縮機，向地下儲藏室(如鹽穴)注入空氣。
Two CAES projects have been running efficiently for decades in Huntorf, Germany (320 MW) and McIntosh, Alabama (110 MW). These installations use off-peak power to run compressors that inject air into an underground storage chamber such as a salt cavern.
在高電力需求時段，從儲存室中抽出壓縮空氣，對其進行預(yù)熱，然后引入燃燒器中，天然氣被點燃以進一步加熱空氣。熱膨脹的氣體驅(qū)動膨脹渦輪機，該渦輪機連接到發(fā)電機并為電網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生電力。燃料消耗比現(xiàn)代聯(lián)合循環(huán)發(fā)電廠要好得多。該系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的能量比壓縮空氣所需的能量還要多。
During hours of high electric demand, compressed air is withdrawn from the cavern, preheated, and introduced to combustors where natural gas is fired to further heat the air. Hot expanding gases drive expansion turbines that are connected to a generator and produce electricity for the grid. The fuel rate is considerably better than that of a modern combined cycle power plant. The system produces more energy than is needed to compress the air.
由Power South所有的阿拉巴馬州McIntosh電站于1991年投入運營。它由一系列機械設(shè)備組成，這些設(shè)備包含Dresser Rand品牌的（現(xiàn)Siemens Energy）壓縮機和膨脹機，一個電機/發(fā)電機和一個巨大的鹽洞。充滿壓縮空氣的鹽洞需要約40小時，之后發(fā)電機可以滿負荷運行約25小時。該設(shè)備能夠可在9分鐘內(nèi)進行緊急啟動，且可全年運行。它在需要時提供峰值功率，或者在秋季和春季幫助穩(wěn)定電網(wǎng)，或根據(jù)市場情況提供備用電力。燃料成本、電力價格和電網(wǎng)條件決定CAES設(shè)備的運行方式。
The McIntosh plant in Alabama was commissioned in 1991. It is owned by utility Power South. It comprises a single machinery train with two Dresser Rand (now Siemens Energy) compressors and expanders, a motor/generator, and a huge salt cavern. It takes about 40 hours to recharge the cavern with compressed air, after which the generator can provide power at full capacity for about 25 hours. The unit performs emergency starts in nine minutes and the plant runs all year round. It provides peaking power when needed and otherwise helps control the grid in fall and spring or provides backup power based on market conditions. Fuel costs, electricity prices, and grid conditions determine how it is operated.
機械設(shè)備由低壓（LP）、中壓（IP）和高壓（HP）壓縮機、LP和HP渦輪膨脹機以及SSS自同步離合器組成。離合器的接合或分離控制電機/發(fā)電機用于驅(qū)動壓縮機或者用于發(fā)電。
The machinery train consists of low-pressure (LP), intermediate-pressure (IP), and high-pressure (HP) compressors, LP and HP turbo-expanders, and self-synchronizing clutches manufactured by SSS Clutch. It is the engagement or disengagement of the clutches that controls whether the motor/generator is used to drive the compressor or generate grid power.
經(jīng)過30年的運營，Power South現(xiàn)在正在進行維修/翻新和升級其渦輪膨脹機和其他組件的維護工作。
After 30 years of operation, Power South is now engaged in maintenance work to repair/refurbish and upgrade its turbo-expanders and other components.
SSS Clutch的首席執(zhí)行官Morgan Hendry表示“在McIntosh CAES電站多年無故障運行后，SSS Clutch的產(chǎn)品現(xiàn)在需要離線進行一些維修和升級”。
“After many years of trouble-free service at the McIntosh CAES plant, it is offline for some repairs and upgrades,” said Morgan Hendry, CEO of SSS Clutch.
在停機期間，Power South要求SSS Clutch公司拆下并檢查運行了三十年的220T壓縮機離合器。并將其運至SSS Clutch位于特拉華州新城的總部進行了詳細的檢查和測試。這是自220T壓縮機離合器最初投入使用以來的第一次檢查。
As part of the outage, Power South asked his company to remove and inspect the size 220T compressor clutch that had been operating for three decades. It underwent a detailed inspection and testing at the SSS Clutch headquarters in New Castle, Delaware. This was the first such inspection since it was originally commissioned.
“經(jīng)過近30年的使用，離合器的狀態(tài)良好，這為電站對壓縮機離合器的維護和保養(yǎng)提供了最佳實踐” Hendry說。
“The clutch was found to be in good condition after nearly 30 years of service, a testament to the care the plant has given to its equipment and maintenance best practices,” said Hendry.
離合器的存在意味著壓縮空氣儲能（CAES）工廠可以在驅(qū)動壓縮機或發(fā)電之間切換。（圖片來源：SSS Clutch）
CASE市場興趣激增
CAES interest surges
南方電力公司將更多資金投入到CAES電廠可能與這樣一個事實有關(guān)，即隨著長時儲能問題變得更加突出，大家對CAES的興趣正在飆升。近年來，美國、中國、日本、加拿大、澳大利亞、德國和歐洲其他國家都宣布了CAES項目。
The fact that the Power South plant is putting more money into its CAES plant may be related to the fact that interest in CAES is surging as the problem of long-duration storage comes into sharper focus. Countries such as the U.S., China, Japan, Canada, Australia, Germany, and other parts of Europe have announced projects in recent years.
好消息是，在世界大部分地區(qū)都有許多適合CAES的存儲地點。根據(jù)EPRI的數(shù)據(jù)，美國約85%的地域可以用于CAES。北歐也有很多潛在的地區(qū)，其中一些已經(jīng)用于天然氣儲存。
The good news is that there are many suitable storage locations for CAES throughout much of the world. According to the EPRI, about 85% of the U.S. has geologic sites that could work for CAES. Northern Europe, too, has plenty of potential sites, some of which are already used for natural gas storage.
一些項目是用傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)的CAES。另一些項目剛是新CAES添加元素的混合示例。以下是其中的一些亮點:
Some of the projects being considered are traditional CAES. Others are hybrid examples that add elements to CAES. Here are a few of the highlights:
Bethel能源中心324 MW(16000 MWh)CAES項目已通過審核，該項目位于德克薩斯州ERCOT市場的Anderson縣。它將使用電驅(qū)動的壓縮機來壓縮空氣，并使用天然氣渦輪膨脹機來發(fā)電。其優(yōu)勢在于，減少約90%排放的同時，它提供的快速啟動輔助服務(wù)能力可媲美2000MW聯(lián)合循環(huán)電廠。
The Bethel Energy Center is a fully permitted 324 MW (16,000 MWh) CAES facility destined for Anderson County, within the Texas ERCOT market. It will use electric motor-driven compressors to compress the air, and natural gas-based turboexpanders to generate power. The advantage is that it will be able to provide the same volume of fast-start ancillary services as a 2,000 MW combined cycle plant while reducing emissions by about 90%.
加拿大公司Hydrostor在加利福尼亞州Rosamond建造CAES項目的審批/許可流程進展順利。Willow Rock能源存儲中心(前身為Gem能源存儲中心)將提供500 MW(4000 MWh)的電力。計劃在一年左右開工。
Canadian company Hydrostor is well advanced along the approval/permitting pipeline to build a CAES facility in Rosamond, California. The Willow Rock Energy Storage Center (formerly Gem Energy Storage Center) will provide 500 MW (4,000 MWh) of power. Construction is scheduled to begin in a year or so.
Hydrostor的首席執(zhí)行官Curtis Van Walleghem表示:“在50多年的項目生命周期內(nèi)，Willow Rock項目每年減少的碳排放量等同于12萬輛汽車所產(chǎn)生的碳排放量?！?
“Willow Rock will be capable of eliminating the equivalent of roughly 120,000 cars off the road every year over its 50+ year project life,” said Curtis Van Walleghem, Hydrostor’s Chief Executive Officer.
它的工作方式和南方電力公司有點不同。壓縮空氣被儲存在位于2000英尺深的洞穴的氣艙中。通過排出氣艙的水保持空氣的壓力，這些氣艙被固定在地表排出水的溢出池中。發(fā)電時，空氣從洞穴中釋放出來，在熱水箱中加熱，并用于為渦輪機提供動力。澳大利亞新南威爾士州的Hydrostor公司也在開發(fā)一個類似的項目。- 200MW/1500MWh的Sliver City儲能中心。
It works a little differently than the Power South site. The compressed air is stored in pods that sit in a 2,000-foot cavern. Air is retained at pressure by displacing water in these pods, which are held in a spill pond on the surface. To generate power, air is released from the cavern, heated in hot water tanks, and used to power turbines. A similar project is under development by Hydrostor in New South Wales, Australia. –the 200 MW 1,500 (MWh) Silver City Energy Storage Centre.
液體空氣儲能(LAES)是CAES的一種變體，該技術(shù)使用液體空氣而不是壓縮空氣。例如，Highview Power正在西班牙各地開發(fā)高達2GWh的長時LAES。多達七個Highview公司的“CRYOBatteries”使用液態(tài)空氣作為存儲介質(zhì)。非峰值電力被用來生產(chǎn)液態(tài)空氣。兩個小型項目已經(jīng)在英國運行。
Liquid air energy storage (LAES) is a variation on CAES using liquid air rather than compressed air. Highview Power, for example, is developing up to 2 GWh of long-duration LAES across Spain. Up to seven of Highview’s “CRYOBatteries” use liquid air as the storage medium. Off-peak power is harnessed to produce liquid air. Two small-scale versions are already operating in the UK.
與此同時，Just In Time Energy提供了一種優(yōu)化的LAES流程，據(jù)說該流程可以從給定數(shù)量的液態(tài)空氣中提供更高的功率，并提高了項目的經(jīng)濟性。該公司還開發(fā)了一種用液化天然氣(LNG)代替液態(tài)空氣的氣電聯(lián)合存儲系統(tǒng)。在非高峰時段，利用多余的可再生能源生產(chǎn)液化天然氣，在液化天然氣返回管道時驅(qū)動設(shè)備向電網(wǎng)輸送電力。
Just In Time Energy, meanwhile, offers an Optimized LAES process that is said to provide increased power from a given amount of liquid air and better project economics. The company has also developed a combined gas and electric storage system that replaces liquid air with liquefied natural gas (LNG). The LNG is produced at off-peak times using excess renewable power and returned to the pipeline systems concurrently with power delivered to the grid
中國新上線的100MW系統(tǒng)，據(jù)說使用了超臨界儲熱而不是使用天然氣來提高系統(tǒng)效率。它可以儲存高達400 MWh，效率為70%。
And the newly online Chinese 100 MW system is said to use supercritical thermal storage to boost system efficiency instead of natural gas. It can store up to 400 MWh at 70% efficiency.
Highview Power的CRYOBatteries為英國某個運營設(shè)施提供長時間電力。（圖片來源：Highview Power）
在過去的二十年中，許多CAES項目被提出，但后來被放棄了，缺乏資金是其中的原因之一。其中包括俄亥俄州的Norton CAES 項目、愛荷華州的另一個CAES項目、北愛爾蘭的安特里姆縣、紐約州的塞內(nèi)卡CAES項目、德國的Adele項目以及計劃在加利福尼亞州San Joaquin建立的PG&E CAES項目。其中一些項目可能會再度引起人們興趣。
Over the last two decades, a number of other CAES projects have been proposed and later abandoned. Lack of funding was part of the reason. These include the Norton CAES facility in Ohio, another in Iowa, one in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, the Seneca CAES Project in New York state, the Adele project in Germany, and a PG&E CAES facility planned for San Joaquin County, California. It is possible that interest in some of these projects may soon revive.
激勵措施和資金
Incentives and funding
重新對傳統(tǒng)和混合CAES產(chǎn)生興趣的原因之一是更好的資金投資潛力。2022年美國通脹削減法案為廣泛適用于能源儲存技術(shù)提供了高達30%的稅收抵免。加上CAES技術(shù)的低耗能（LCOE），CAES項目備受投資的青睞。
Part of the reason for the renewed interest in traditional and hybrid CAES is better funding potential. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 provides a tax credit of up to 30% that broadly applies to energy storage technologies. Coupled with the low levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of CAES, funding possibilities have grown in recent times.
上一次包括CAES在內(nèi)的LCOE的全面比較是由咨詢公司Lazard在2016年完成的。
The last comprehensive comparison of LCOE that included CAES was done by consulting firm Lazard in 2016.
自那時起，電池儲存價格已經(jīng)下降。但是來自NREL的最新成本預(yù)測仍將鋰離子電池儲存定位在約300美元左右。因為鋰的可用性和能源安全問題被人們重視起來。
Battery storage prices have declined since then. But the latest cost projections from NREL still place lithium-ion battery storage at around $300. And issues have emerged about the availability and energy security of lithium.
Lazard似乎已經(jīng)改變了計算LCOE的方式，現(xiàn)在稱之為LCOS（用于儲存）。它沒有與CAES進行比較。但是Lazard在其2021年底的報告中指出：
Lazard appears to have changed the way it calculates LCOE and now calls it LCOS (for storage). It doesn’t include a comparison with CAES. But Lazard noted in its late 2021 report:
“隨著可再生能源發(fā)電普及率的提高，人們對長時儲能技術(shù)的興趣也在不斷增長?！?
“Interest in longer-duration technologies continues to grow in tandem with expectations of ever greater penetration of renewable energy generation.”
因此，CAES市場肯定比幾十年前更活躍。但尚不確定我們是否會在未來幾年見證CAES或混合CAES的復(fù)興。
The CAES market, then, is certainly more vibrant than it has been for decades. But it remains to be seen whether we will indeed see a CAES or hybrid CAES renaissance in the coming years.
