中國(guó)儲(chǔ)能網(wǎng)訊：近幾年來(lái)，電網(wǎng)中的發(fā)電形式出現(xiàn)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。隨著間歇性能源在發(fā)電中的占比不斷提高，通過(guò)配置適量的儲(chǔ)能裝置，可以更好地平衡實(shí)時(shí)供需，使得電網(wǎng)具有功率可控性與可調(diào)度性。同時(shí)，電池儲(chǔ)能的價(jià)值兌現(xiàn)即將到來(lái)，有了各種激勵(lì)措施（例如補(bǔ)貼和降低稅率等）以及參加電力公司響應(yīng)計(jì)劃而獲得的額外收益，為企業(yè)提供了節(jié)能和創(chuàng)收的機(jī)會(huì)。
智能能源消耗、削減成本、韌性、節(jié)約資源、提高環(huán)境效率——這些都是電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)（BESS）提供的好處之一。BESS的功率和儲(chǔ)能容量范圍廣泛，從小型家用設(shè)備到用于公用事業(yè)和工業(yè)應(yīng)用的大型系統(tǒng)不等。2020年，澳大利亞和德國(guó)的家庭分別安裝了超過(guò)31,000和100,000個(gè)電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)。如今，大型BESS已經(jīng)在全球范圍內(nèi)運(yùn)營(yíng)，包括美國(guó)、澳大利亞、英國(guó)、日本、中國(guó)和許多其他國(guó)家。本文將回答有關(guān)電池儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)的所有“為什么”和”如何“等問(wèn)題，包括它是什么，為什么以及在哪里可以使用它。我們還將簡(jiǎn)要介紹“現(xiàn)貨”和定制的BESS，并具體說(shuō)明這兩種解決方案的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)。
Smart energy consumption, cost-cutting, resilience, resource-saving, environmental efficiency—this is not a complete list of benefits offered by a battery energy storage system (BESS). With a wide range of power and storage capacity, BESSs vary from small-sized household devices to large-scale systems used for utilities and industrial applications. In 2020, over 31,000 and 100,000 battery energy storage systems were installed by Australian and German households respectively. Nowadays, large-scale BESSs have been operating all over the world, including the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, Japan, China, and many other countries. This article gives clear answers to all W and H questions about battery storage technology, including what it is, why, and where you can use it. We’ll also brief you on off-the-shelf and custom-made BESSs, specifying the strengths and weaknesses of both solutions.
了解BESS：BESS是什么以及它的工作原理
Looking Inside a BESS: What a BESS Is and How It Works
BESS是一種能量?jī)?chǔ)存系統(tǒng)（ESS），它從不同的能源來(lái)源中捕獲能量、積累這些能量，并將其存儲(chǔ)在可充電電池中以備將來(lái)使用。如果需要，電化學(xué)能量從電池中放電并供應(yīng)給家庭、電動(dòng)汽車、工商業(yè)設(shè)施。
A BESS is an energy storage system (ESS) that captures energy from different sources, accumulates this energy, and stores it in rechargeable batteries for later use. Should the need arise, the electrochemical energy is discharged from the battery and supplied to homes, electric vehicles, industrial and commercial facilities.
一個(gè)BESS是一個(gè)復(fù)合系統(tǒng)，包括硬件和初高級(jí)軟件。主要的BESS包括:
A BESS is a compound system comprising hardware components along with low-level and high-level software. The main BESS parts include:
電池系統(tǒng)：它包含將化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)換為電能的單個(gè)電芯。電芯被排列在模塊中，這些模塊組成電池包。
A battery system：It contains individual battery cells that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. The cells are arranged in modules that, in their turn, form battery packs.
電池管理系統(tǒng)（BMS）：BMS用于確保電池系統(tǒng)的安全。它監(jiān)視電池單元的狀態(tài)，測(cè)量它們的參數(shù)和狀態(tài)，例如荷電狀態(tài)（SOC）和健康狀態(tài)（SOH），并保護(hù)電池免受火災(zāi)和其他危害。
A battery management system (BMS)：A BMS ensures the safety of the battery system. It monitors the condition of battery cells, measures their parameters and states, such as state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH), and protects batteries from fires and other hazards.
逆變器或儲(chǔ)能變流器（PCS）：將電池產(chǎn)生的直流（DC）轉(zhuǎn)換為交流（AC），供設(shè)施使用。電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)的逆變器允許能量的雙向流通，即允許充電也可放電。
An inverter or a power conversion system (PCS)：This converts direct current (DC) produced by batteries into alternating current (AC) supplied to facilities. Battery energy storage systems have bi-directional inverters that allow for both charging and discharging.
能源管理系統(tǒng)（EMS）：負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)控和控制電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的能量流動(dòng)。EMS協(xié)調(diào)BMS，PCS和BESS的其他組件的工作。通過(guò)收集和分析能源數(shù)據(jù)，EMS可以高效地管理系統(tǒng)的多能接入。
An energy management system (EMS)：This is responsible for monitoring and control of the energy flow within a battery storage system. An EMS coordinates the work of a BMS, a PCS, and other components of a BESS. By collecting and analyzing energy data, an EMS can efficiently manage the power resources of the system.
根據(jù)其功能和操作條件，BESS還包括一系列安全系統(tǒng)，例如火災(zāi)控制系統(tǒng)，煙霧探測(cè)器，溫度控制系統(tǒng)，冷卻，加熱，通風(fēng)和空調(diào)系統(tǒng)。安全系統(tǒng)自身具有監(jiān)控和控制單元，通過(guò)監(jiān)視其參數(shù)并應(yīng)對(duì)緊急情況，為BESS提供安全運(yùn)行所需的條件。
Depending on its functionality and operating conditions, a BESS can also include a range of safety systems, such as a fire control system, a smoke detector, a temperature control system, cooling, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. The safety systems have their own monitoring and control units that provide conditions necessary for the safe operation of a BESS by monitoring its parameters and responding to emergencies.
圖1. 電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)
Figure 1. Battery energy storage system architecture
除了電子電路，復(fù)雜的BESS還依賴于強(qiáng)大的軟件解決方案。例如，最先進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)使用機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)算法來(lái)優(yōu)化能源管理。需要在BMS軟件開(kāi)發(fā)中建立可靠的算法和數(shù)學(xué)模型，精確地預(yù)測(cè)電池狀態(tài)和特性。
Apart from electronics, complex BESSs rely on robust software solutions. For example, state-of-the-art systems use machine learning algorithms to optimize energy management. Estimating battery states and characteristics with high accuracy requires reliable algorithms and mathematical models built within BMS software development.
總之，BESS從電網(wǎng)或可再生能源（如太陽(yáng)能和風(fēng)能）收集能量，并使用電池存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)進(jìn)行存儲(chǔ)。在用電需求高峰、停電和其他各種應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景中，在必要時(shí)通過(guò)電池放電來(lái)釋放能量。
In sum, a BESS collects energy from an electricity grid or renewable power sources, such as solar and wind, and stores it using battery storage technology. Then, batteries discharge and release the energy when necessary—during peak demands, power outages, and in a variety of other applications.
BESS有不同類型的電池，包括鋰離子電池、鉛酸電池、鎳鎘電池等。我們將在本文稍后詳細(xì)介紹各類電池。每種電池類型都有其特有的特性，這些特性會(huì)使BESS在特定場(chǎng)景下使用，同樣會(huì)影響電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)的效率。電池的主要特性包括：
BESSs can accommodate different batteries, including lithium-ion, lead-acid, nickel-cadmium batteries, and others—we’ll elaborate on them later in the article. Every battery type has certain technical specifications that designate BESS uses and affect the efficiency of battery energy storage. The principal battery characteristics embrace:
存儲(chǔ)容量：這是電池存儲(chǔ)的電荷量或BESS中可用的電量。
Storage capacity：This is the amount of electric charge stored by a battery or the amount of electricity available in a BESS.
功率：此參數(shù)確定電池提供的總功率或BESS可以提供的輸出功率。
Power：This parameter determines the amount of power supplied by a battery or the output power that a BESS can provide.
轉(zhuǎn)換效率：這顯示了電池在放電期間輸送的能量與在充電期間提供給電池的能量的比率。
Round-trip efficiency：This displays the ratio of energy delivered by a battery during discharge to the energy supplied to the battery during a charge cycle.
放電深度（DoD）：這顯示了電池釋放的能量相對(duì)于其總?cè)萘康陌俜直取?
Depth of Discharge (DoD)：This shows the percentage of energy discharged from a battery relative to its total capacity.
壽命：定義為電池的充電和放電循環(huán)次數(shù)，或者電池在其壽命周期內(nèi)可以提供的能量（電池吞吐量）。
Lifetime: This can be defined as the number of charge and discharge cycles of a battery or the amount of energy that a battery can supply during its lifetime (battery throughput).
安全：這是電池的一個(gè)重要特征，表明電池符合安全要求，例如，在電化學(xué)安全方面。
Safety：This is an important characteristic that shows the battery’s compliance with safety requirements, for example, in terms of the battery chemistry.
除了上述電池特性外，電池系統(tǒng)還有描述其性能的一些其他特性。例如，響應(yīng)時(shí)間是BESS從空閑狀態(tài)到開(kāi)始滿功率工作所需的時(shí)間。爬坡率是系統(tǒng)可以增加或減少其功率輸出的速率，分別向上或向下傾斜。
In addition to the above battery specifications, storage battery systems have other characteristics that describe their performance. For example, response time is the time a BESS needs to move from the idle state and start working at full power. Ramp rate is the rate at which the system can increase or decrease its power output—ramp it up or down, respectively.
BESS類型和替代方案
BESS Types and Alternatives
BESS的分類因其使用的電化學(xué)或電池技術(shù)而異,讓我們看看BESS電池的主要類型以及它們?cè)陔姵貎?chǔ)能解決方案中的機(jī)遇。
BESSs vary depending on the electrochemistry or battery technology they use. Let’s look at the main BESS battery types and opportunities they offer for battery storage solutions.
鋰離子電池
Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries
根據(jù)美國(guó)能源信息署（EIA）2020年發(fā)布的報(bào)告，美國(guó)90%以上的大型電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)由鋰離子電池供電，目前全球整體統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)也基本相同。這種可反復(fù)充放電的電池在電動(dòng)汽車、消費(fèi)電子產(chǎn)品和智能手機(jī)、筆記本電腦、平板電腦和相機(jī)等便攜式設(shè)備中廣受歡迎。鋰離子電池化學(xué)物質(zhì)包括鋰鈷氧化物、鋰錳氧化物、鋰鐵磷酸鹽、鋰鎳錳鈷氧化物（NMC）等。鋰離子電池的諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)促使其成為領(lǐng)先的儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)之一。預(yù)計(jì)到2026年，全球鋰離子電池市場(chǎng)將翻一番，達(dá)到919億美元。它重量輕、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，具有高容量和高能量密度，維護(hù)成本低，使用壽命長(zhǎng)。此外，鋰離子電池還易于快速充電，且自放電率低。這種電池技術(shù)的缺點(diǎn)包括成本高、易燃、不耐極端溫度、會(huì)過(guò)充和過(guò)放。
According to the 2020 report prepared by the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), over 90% of a large-scale battery energy storage system in the USA were powered by lithium-ion batteries. The current global statistics are pretty much the same. This type of rechargeable battery is widely popular in electric vehicles, consumer electronics, and portables, such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and cameras. Li-ion battery chemistries comprise lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), and others. The advantages of a Li-ion battery make it one of the leading technologies facilitating the storage of energy. The global lithium-ion battery market is projected to double by 2026, reaching $91.9 billion. It’s light and compact, has high capacity and energy density, low maintenance, and a long lifetime. In addition, lithium-ion batteries are easily and quickly charged and have a low self-discharge rate. The weak points of this battery technology include high cost, inflammability, and intolerance to extreme temperatures, over-charge, and over-discharge.
圖2. 預(yù)計(jì)全球鋰離子電池市場(chǎng)收入，來(lái)源：Statista
Figure 2. Projected global lithium-ion battery market revenue. Source: Statista
鉛酸（PbA）電池
Lead-Acid (PbA) Batteries
鉛酸電池是最早的電池技術(shù)之一，也是最便宜和最常見(jiàn)的解決方案，應(yīng)用在汽車，工業(yè)應(yīng)用及電力存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)中。鉛酸電池是高度可回收的，并且在高溫和低溫下都能有效運(yùn)行。與其老式的淹沒(méi)式鉛酸（FLA）電池相比，密封式閥控鉛酸（VRLA）電池更適合于電力儲(chǔ)存解決方案，因?yàn)樗哂懈L(zhǎng)的壽命，更高的容量和更易維護(hù)。而充電慢，重量大和能量密度低是這種電池技術(shù)的主要缺點(diǎn)。
A lead-acid battery is the oldest battery technology and is also one of the cheapest and most available solutions that find use in automotive and industrial applications as well as power storage systems. PbA batteries are highly recyclable and can operate effectively at both high and low temperatures. Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries are more suitable for power storage solutions than their older counterparts—flooded lead-acid batteries—as they have a longer lifetime, higher capacity, and easier maintenance. Slow charging, heavyweight, and low energy density are among the major drawbacks of this battery technology.
鎳鎘（Ni-Cd）電池
Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Batteries
在鋰離子電池進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)前，鎳鎘電池在可穿戴電子設(shè)備市場(chǎng)上占主導(dǎo)地位。Ni-Cd電池有多種配置，它們價(jià)格便宜，易于運(yùn)輸和存儲(chǔ)，并且很高的耐低溫性。該技術(shù)在能量密度，自放電率和回收方面落后于其他與之競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的電池。鎳氫（Ni-MH）電池使用與Ni-Cd技術(shù)相同的組件--氫氧化鎳（（NiO（OH））。然而，鎳氫電池化學(xué)提供更好的特性，例如更高的容量和能量密度。
This battery type prevailed in the market of wearable electronics until Li-ion batteries entered the game. Ni-Cd batteries have many configurations, they are inexpensive, easy to ship and store, and highly resistant to low temperatures. The technology is behind its competitors in energy density, self-discharge rate, and recycling. Nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries use the same component as Ni-Cd technology—nickel oxide hydroxide (NiO(OH)). However, the Ni-MH battery chemistry provides better characteristics, such as higher capacity and energy density.
鈉硫（Na-S）電池
Sodium-Sulfur (Na-S) Batteries
鈉硫電池是一種基于熔融鹽的更具成本效益的技術(shù)。Na-S電池的優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括高能量和功率密度，長(zhǎng)壽命以及在極端環(huán)境條件下的穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行。然而，由于要在高溫度下運(yùn)行（不低于300℃）且對(duì)腐蝕非常敏感，這種電池技術(shù)的應(yīng)用范圍有限。此外，鈉是一種危險(xiǎn)的成分，具有高度易燃和爆炸性。鈉硫電池非常適合與可再生能源相結(jié)合的獨(dú)立儲(chǔ)應(yīng)用。
A sodium-sulfur battery is a cost-effective technology based on molten salt. The advantages of Na-S batteries involve high energy and power density, a long lifetime, and stable operation under extreme ambient conditions. Nevertheless, this battery technology has a limited application area because of high operating temperatures (not less than 300℃) and sensitivity to corrosion. In addition, sodium is a hazardous component that is highly flammable and explosive. Sodium-sulfur batteries are well-suited for standalone energy storage applications integrated with renewable power sources.
液流電池
Flow Batteries
與傳統(tǒng)的可充電電池將能量存儲(chǔ)在固態(tài)電極材料中不同，液流電池將能量存儲(chǔ)在液態(tài)電解質(zhì)溶液中。最常見(jiàn)的液流電池類型是全釩氧化還原電池（VRB）。其他類型包括鋅-溴、鋅-鐵和鐵-鉻化學(xué)體系。盡管它們的能量容量和充放電速率較低，但液流電池具有幾個(gè)重要優(yōu)點(diǎn)，使它們?cè)诓⒕W(wǎng)和離網(wǎng)運(yùn)行的儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)中占據(jù)了大量市場(chǎng)份額，包括大規(guī)模應(yīng)用。優(yōu)點(diǎn)包括極長(zhǎng)的壽命（長(zhǎng)達(dá)30年），高可擴(kuò)展性，快速的響應(yīng)時(shí)間和火災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低，因?yàn)橐毫麟姵睾胁灰兹嫉碾娊赓|(zhì)。
Unlike conventional rechargeable batteries in which energy is stored in solid electrode material, flow batteries store energy in liquid electrolyte solutions. The most common flow battery type is the vanadium redox battery (VRB). The other types consist of zinc-bromine, zinc-iron,and iron-chromium chemistries. Despite their low energy capacity and low charge/discharge rate, flow batteries have several important advantages, allowing them to hold a large market share in on-grid and off-grid energy storage systems, including large-scale applications. These benefits involve an extremely long lifespan (up to 30 years), high scalability, fast response time, and a low risk of fires because flow batteries contain non-inflammable electrolytes.
圖3. 用于儲(chǔ)能的電池技術(shù)
Figure3. Battery technologies used for energy storage
2020年初，BESS約占全球儲(chǔ)能容量的5％，遠(yuǎn)低于抽水蓄能。根據(jù)《財(cái)富商業(yè)洞察》（Fortune Business Insights）的數(shù)據(jù)，到2027年，電池儲(chǔ)能市場(chǎng)規(guī)模預(yù)計(jì)達(dá)到197.4億美元，年復(fù)合增長(zhǎng)率（CAGR） 20.4％。鑒于電化學(xué)儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)的可用性，效率和最新研發(fā)進(jìn)展，預(yù)計(jì)其將成為未來(lái)幾年儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。但是，其他可以與電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)抗衡的替代技術(shù)，在某些應(yīng)用中具備特殊優(yōu)勢(shì)。以下是主要與電池儲(chǔ)能競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的一些儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)：
At the start of 2020, BESSs accounted for around 5% of the global energy storage capacity, significantly less than pumped-storage hydro. According to Fortune Business Insights, the battery energy storage market size is expected to reach $19.74 billion at 20.4% CAGR globally by 2027. Given the availability, efficiency, and latest advances in electrochemical storage technologies, a BESS is anticipated to be an energy storage leader in the years ahead. However, alternative solutions can go up against battery power storage systems, getting the upper hand in some applications. Here are the main BESS competitors:
抽水蓄能（PSH）：根據(jù)國(guó)際水電協(xié)會(huì)（IHA）估計(jì)，全球抽水蓄能可儲(chǔ)存多達(dá)9,000 GWh的電力，占世界儲(chǔ)能容量的94％以上。抽水蓄能原理是當(dāng)水從高水位流向低水位時(shí)，通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)渦輪產(chǎn)生能量。這種儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)可以以合理的價(jià)格提供廣闊的儲(chǔ)存容量，以滿足更大型電網(wǎng)的需求。抽水蓄能最大的挑戰(zhàn)在于它們建造周期長(zhǎng)，需要數(shù)年，并需要巨額投資。
Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH)： As estimated by the International Hydropower Association (IHA), PSH systems store up to 9,000 GWh of electricity globally, taking up over 94% of the world’s energy storage capacity. In PSH, energy is generated by water that spins turbines when flowing down from a higher tank to a lower reservoir. This ESS can offer vast storage capacity at a reasonable price, meeting the needs of larger electricity networks. The biggest challenge with pumped hydro storage systems is that building them takes years and this needs hefty investments.
壓縮空氣儲(chǔ)能（CAES）：這種ESS類型利用能量將空氣壓縮并儲(chǔ)存在地下儲(chǔ)氣庫(kù)中。當(dāng)需要時(shí)，釋放的壓縮空氣通過(guò)旋轉(zhuǎn)渦輪機(jī)產(chǎn)生電力。壓縮空氣儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)在生產(chǎn)和采礦行業(yè)中得到有效應(yīng)用。然而，對(duì)于某些應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景，特別是住宅解決方案，實(shí)施這項(xiàng)技術(shù)可能會(huì)有問(wèn)題。
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)：This type of ESS uses energy to compress and store air in an underground reservoir. When the need arises, the released air produces electricity by rotating air turbines. CAES systems are effectively used in production and mining industries. However, implementing this technology can be problematic for some applications, especially residential solutions.
飛輪儲(chǔ)能（FES）：是一種將能量應(yīng)用到飛輪上，使其高速旋轉(zhuǎn)，產(chǎn)生旋轉(zhuǎn)或動(dòng)能并將其儲(chǔ)存并在后期釋放的技術(shù)。飛輪系統(tǒng)以其壽命長(zhǎng)（長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)十年）、易于維護(hù)和響應(yīng)時(shí)間快而著稱。但它們只能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)運(yùn)行。
Flywheel energy storage (FES)：Applying energy to a flywheel increases its speed by far, generating rotational or kinetic energy which is stored and released later. FES systems are notable for their longevity (up to decades), easy maintenance, and fast response time. But they can only operate for short periods.
儲(chǔ)熱（TES）：是一種可以儲(chǔ)存從各種來(lái)源收集熱能的儲(chǔ)能，包括水、巖石和熔融材料——鹽、硅和鋁。儲(chǔ)熱系統(tǒng)與可再生能源結(jié)合，在供暖和制冷應(yīng)用中有廣泛的應(yīng)用潛力。
Thermal energy storage (TES)：This ESS type can store thermal energy collected from an array of sources, including water, rocks, and molten materials—salt, silicon, and aluminum. TES systems have the potential to be widely used with renewable energy sources in heating and cooling applications.
勢(shì)能存儲(chǔ)或機(jī)械重力儲(chǔ)能：這種儲(chǔ)能的理念是將重物，如混凝土塊，提升高度并在需要釋放能量時(shí)將其放下。目前這項(xiàng)技術(shù)還遠(yuǎn)未成熟，但一旦經(jīng)過(guò)完善，它可能在儲(chǔ)能市場(chǎng)具有潛在價(jià)值。
Potential energy storage or mechanical gravity energy storage: The idea behind this ESS is to elevate heavyweights, such as concrete blocks, and drop them down when energy needs to be released. The technology is far from mainstream as of yet, but it could be promising for the energy storage market once it’s well-tuned.
替代電池的儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)已經(jīng)問(wèn)世數(shù)年。其中一些已經(jīng)投入運(yùn)行，而其他一些仍在研發(fā)中。但能夠確定的是，所有這些技術(shù)都需要可靠的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和人工智能解決方案。它將使操作更自動(dòng)化，降低維護(hù)費(fèi)用，并確保在最少的人力投入下平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行。
Alternative energy storage technologies have already been available for the past few years. Some of them are already up and running, while others are still in the works. The sure thing about all of them is the need for reliable machine learning and artificial intelligence solutions. These would automate operations, reduce maintenance expenses, and ensure smooth performance with minimum human input.
電池儲(chǔ)能的價(jià)值兌現(xiàn)即將到來(lái)
BESS’s Coming to Your Aid
選擇電池作為儲(chǔ)能有幾個(gè)好處，首先，通過(guò)電池儲(chǔ)能對(duì)地點(diǎn)沒(méi)有限制 – 因?yàn)槟恍枰峁┚薮蟮乃浠虻叵聝?chǔ)氣罐。由于其可用性和靈活性很高，BESS 可以很好地適應(yīng)于不同功率和存儲(chǔ)容量的應(yīng)用。此外，現(xiàn)代電池技術(shù)傾向于輕量化、成本效益、安全和環(huán)保。讓我們看一下電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用案例和它可以解決的基本問(wèn)題。
Choosing batteries for energy storage can be beneficial for several reasons. First off, battery storage ideas have no limits regarding location—you don’t need to provide huge water tanks or underground air reservoirs. Owing to its availability and flexibility, a BESS can fit in well with applications that require varying power and storage capacity levels. Moreover, modern battery technologies tilt toward light weight, cost-efficiency, safety, and environmental friendliness. Let’s consider the use cases of a battery energy storage system and the essential problems it can solve.
負(fù)荷管理（能源需求管理）
Load Management (Energy Demand Management)
BESS有助于用電高峰和低峰不同時(shí)間之間平衡負(fù)荷。電力需求可能會(huì)因日期、時(shí)間、季節(jié)和其他因素而有所不同。需求越高，電力成本越高，反之亦然——在低峰期間，價(jià)格會(huì)降低。通過(guò)在需求低時(shí)存儲(chǔ)能量并在高峰期間放電，電池儲(chǔ)能解決方案使用戶能夠節(jié)省電費(fèi)（削峰填谷）。
BESSs help balance loads between on-peak and off-peak times. Electricity demands may vary depending on the day, time, season, and other factors. The higher the demand, the higher the electricity cost and vice versa—pricing gets lower during off-peak hours. By accumulating energy when the demand is low and discharging it in peak periods, battery storage solutions enable users to save on electricity tariffs (peak shaving).
能量時(shí)移（峰谷套利）
Energy Time-Shift (Arbitrage)
如上所述，電力價(jià)格在不同時(shí)間波動(dòng)，既有上漲也有下跌。電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)允許能量時(shí)移——在低峰期購(gòu)買(mǎi)能源，在價(jià)格上漲時(shí)出售或使用。因此，無(wú)論季節(jié)和電力需求如何，BESSs都可以均衡能源價(jià)格并最小化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
As mentioned above, electricity prices fluctuate at different times, having both rises and falls. Battery energy storage systems allow for energy time-shifting—energy is purchased at a low price during off-peak periods and sold or used when the price increases. Thus, irrespective of the season and electricity demand, BESSs can equalize energy prices and minimize risks.
備用電源
Backup Power
在電網(wǎng)故障的情況下，BESS可以提供備用電源，直到電力完全恢復(fù)。更大的儲(chǔ)能容量和與可再生能源的整合，使BESS能夠更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的備份能源。通過(guò)作為不間斷電源（UPS）運(yùn)行，商業(yè)電池儲(chǔ)能方案可以消除宕機(jī)從而節(jié)省時(shí)間和金錢(qián)。
A BESS can supply backup power in case of an electricity grid failure until complete power restoration. Larger storage capacity and integration with renewable energy sources enable BESSs to back up energy for longer periods. By operating as an uninterruptable power supply (UPS), a commercial battery storage solution can be a time and money saver as it eliminates downtime.
黑啟動(dòng)能力
Black-Start Capability
停電后，通過(guò)基于電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)的黑啟動(dòng)能力來(lái)恢復(fù)電力發(fā)電，從而替代發(fā)電廠使用的柴油或天然氣發(fā)電機(jī)。電力系統(tǒng)可以在不使用外部電源的情況下重新啟動(dòng)。BESS的快速響應(yīng)時(shí)間有助于在盡可能短的時(shí)間內(nèi)使系統(tǒng)恢復(fù)正常運(yùn)行。
A BESS can replace a diesel or natural gas generator used by power plants to restore power generation after blackouts by leveraging its black-start capabilities. Based on battery storage, power systems can restart after a total shutdown without using external electricity networks. The fast response time of a BESS helps systems recover in the shortest possible time.
頻率控制
Frequency Control
電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)可以調(diào)節(jié)電網(wǎng)頻率，確保其值在規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)。如果發(fā)電量與實(shí)際電力需求不符，頻率可能會(huì)超出或低于其額定值。這些差異可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致臨時(shí)斷開(kāi)電網(wǎng)連接、電源故障或停電。BESS可以立即對(duì)電力中斷做出反應(yīng)，提供亞秒級(jí)頻率轉(zhuǎn)速響應(yīng)，穩(wěn)定電網(wǎng)。
Battery storage systems can regulate frequency in the grid, making sure its value lies within the required range. If the amount of generated power disagrees with the actual electricity demand, the frequency can either exceed or fall below its nominal value. Such discrepancies may result in temporary disconnections, power failures, or blackouts. BESSs can immediately react to power interruptions, providing sub-second frequency response, and stabilize the grid.
BESS也可以確保電壓穩(wěn)定性，將其維持在指定范圍內(nèi)。
A BESS can likewise ensure voltage stability, maintaining its level within the specified range.
可再生能源整合
Renewable Energy Integration
將電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)與間歇性可再生能源相結(jié)合，為并網(wǎng)、離網(wǎng)和混合系統(tǒng)提供了廉價(jià)的持續(xù)電力。最近，清潔能源因其經(jīng)濟(jì)可行和環(huán)保，作為化石燃料的替代品越來(lái)越受歡迎。根據(jù)國(guó)際能源署（IEA）的數(shù)據(jù)，可再生能源在全球電力生產(chǎn)中的份額從2019年的27%增加到2020年的29%。此外，預(yù)計(jì)到2040年可再生能源占比將達(dá)到45%。政府的補(bǔ)貼和降低稅率，使可再生能源-存儲(chǔ)解決方案的得到廣泛支持和激勵(lì)。
Integrating battery energy storage systems with intermittent renewable energy sources opens the door to inexpensive electricity continuously available to on-grid, off-grid, and hybrid systems. More recently, clean energy has gained popularity as an economically viable and eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), renewables increased their share in global electricity generation from 27% in 2019 to 29% in 2020. Moreover, it is projected toreach 45% by 2040. The proliferation of renewable energy-enabled storage solutions is extensively supported and incentivized by governments through subsidies and lower tax rates.
圖5. 全球電力發(fā)電中可再生能源的預(yù)計(jì)份額，來(lái)源：Statista
Figure 5. Projected share of renewables in global electricity generation. Source: Statista
電池儲(chǔ)能技術(shù)提高了可再生能源的利用效率。這使它們成為各種應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景可靠的能源來(lái)源，包括配備光伏板（PV）的家庭、離網(wǎng)商業(yè)設(shè)施以及孤島運(yùn)行的社區(qū)，例如島嶼和偏遠(yuǎn)農(nóng)村地區(qū)。位于日本六戶町的智能電網(wǎng)采用基于鈉硫電池的大容量BESS儲(chǔ)存太陽(yáng)能和風(fēng)能。目前，有92個(gè)風(fēng)力發(fā)電設(shè)施和3個(gè)太陽(yáng)能電站，總?cè)萘繛?13,350千瓦。
Battery storage technology enhances the efficiency of renewables. It makes them a reliable energy source for a variety of applications, including households with photovoltaics (PVs), off-grid commercial facilities, and isolated communities, such as islands and remote rural areas. Smart grids located in Rokkasho, a village in Japan, store solar and wind energy using a large-capacity BESS based on sodium-sulfur batteries. Currently, there are 92 wind power generation facilities and 3 solar power plants with a total capacity of 313,350 kW.
BESS協(xié)助并網(wǎng)和混合式太陽(yáng)能和風(fēng)能的系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行能量時(shí)移和需求側(cè)管理。例如，在有風(fēng)的天氣中，系統(tǒng)可以在高峰和低峰時(shí)期為家庭提供電力并充電。隨后，當(dāng)電力需求高且可變能源不可用時(shí)，可以使用電池儲(chǔ)能的電能。這樣的系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在法羅群島安裝并成功運(yùn)行?，F(xiàn)在，風(fēng)力發(fā)電產(chǎn)生的電力約占該島能源需求的50%。
A BESS assists grid-tied and hybrid solar and wind systems with energy time-shift and demand-side management. For example, in windy weather, the system can power homes and charge batteries during on-peak and off-peak times respectively. Later, the battery energy storage system wind power can be used when the electricity demand is high and the variable energy resource is unavailable. Such a system has been installed and is running successfully in the Faroe Islands. Now, wind turbines generate power that covers about 50% of the islands’ energy needs.
延后輸電和配電投資（T＆D）
Transmission and Distribution (T&D) Deferral
電池儲(chǔ)能可以消除建造新的輸電和配電系統(tǒng)，或更新現(xiàn)有容量不足，或過(guò)時(shí)的輸電和配電資產(chǎn)的需要。通過(guò)儲(chǔ)存多余的能量并提供備用容量，BESS可以減輕過(guò)載的輸電和配電線路負(fù)荷，并防止電力傳輸系統(tǒng)擁堵。
Battery energy storage can eliminate the need to build new transmission and distribution systems or update existing T&D assets that lack capacity or become obsolete. By storing excess energy and providing reserve capacity, a BESS can take the load off overloaded T&D lines and prevent congestion in transmission systems.
微電網(wǎng)
Microgrids
BESS是微電網(wǎng)的重要組成部分，微電網(wǎng)是分布式電力網(wǎng)絡(luò)，可以連接到公用電網(wǎng)或完全獨(dú)立。位于偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的獨(dú)立微電網(wǎng)可以依靠與間歇性可再生能源相結(jié)合的電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)。這種解決方案可以實(shí)現(xiàn)平穩(wěn)的發(fā)電，并有助于避免與柴油發(fā)電機(jī)相關(guān)的高昂費(fèi)用和空氣污染。
A BESS is an essential part of microgrids—distributed power networks that can be connected to the utility grid or totally independent. Standalone microgrids located in remote regions can rely on battery storage systems integrated with intermittent renewable energy sources. Such solutions enable smooth power generation and help avoid heavy expenses and air pollution associated with diesel generators.
電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)在不同的行業(yè)和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用。例如，表前(Front-of-the-Meter, FTM)應(yīng)用包括在電力系統(tǒng)中的電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)，如市政電源的發(fā)電和儲(chǔ)能設(shè)施以及輸電和配電線路。表后(Behind-the-Meter, BTM)應(yīng)用包括交通領(lǐng)域，包括電動(dòng)汽車和船舶系統(tǒng)，住宅、工商業(yè)的電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)。
BESSs find wide use in different industries and application areas. For example, front-of-the-meter (FTM) applications comprise battery storage systems in electric power systems, such as utility-scale generation and energy storage facilities as well as transmission and distribution lines. Behind-the-meter (BTM) applications embrace transportation, including electric vehicles and marine systems, residential, commercial, and industrial battery storage solutions.
世界上一些大型的電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)包括Alamitos能源中心、Gateway儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)（美國(guó)）、Hornsdale電力儲(chǔ)備（澳大利亞）、Minety電池儲(chǔ)能項(xiàng)目（英國(guó)）、Buzen和Rokkasho電池電廠（日本）、韓國(guó)Zinc儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)（韓國(guó)）和昆山儲(chǔ)能電站（中國(guó)）。
Some of the world’s largest battery energy storage systems are the Alamitos Energy Center, Gateway Energy Storage (US), Hornsdale Power Reserve (Australia), Minety Battery Energy Storage Project (UK), Buzen and Rokkasho battery power plants (Japan), Korea Zinc Energy Storage System (South Korea), and Kunshan Energy Storage Power Station (China).
2020年，美國(guó)安裝了1,464兆瓦的儲(chǔ)能設(shè)備，超過(guò)了2013年至2019年該國(guó)部署的總儲(chǔ)存容量。根據(jù)Frost＆Sullivan的分析，技術(shù)成本的降低和可再生能源的快速普及將推動(dòng)全球電網(wǎng)電池儲(chǔ)存容量從2020年的8.5 GW增長(zhǎng)到2030年的134.6 GW。
In 2020, the USinstalled 1,464 MW of energy storage, which exceeds the overall storage capacity deployed in the country from 2013 through 2019. As analyzed by Frost & Sullivan, the decrease in technology cost and rapid spread of renewables will boost the global grid battery storage capacity to 134.6 GW by 2030 from 8.5 GW in 2020.
圖6. 表前和表后電池儲(chǔ)能的應(yīng)用
Figure 6. FTM and BTM BESS applications
BESS：買(mǎi)還是不買(mǎi)
BESS: To Buy or Not to Buy
全球能源儲(chǔ)存市場(chǎng)提供了許多”現(xiàn)貨”的電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)，這些系統(tǒng)在電池化學(xué)、規(guī)模、功能、用途和價(jià)格等方面存在差異。以下是一些主要的BESS市場(chǎng)玩家：
The global energy storage market offers a great choice of off-the-shelf battery energy storage systems. They vary in battery chemistry, scale, functionality, intended use, and price. Here are some of the key BESS market players:
新紀(jì)元能源（NextEra Energy） - 這家公司是全球最大的風(fēng)能和太陽(yáng)能可再生能源發(fā)電商之一。它是電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)的全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者之一，也是美國(guó)擁有最多儲(chǔ)能運(yùn)營(yíng)容量的公司。
NextEra Energy - This company is the world’s largest generator of renewable energy from wind and solar. It is one of the global leaders in battery energy storage capacity and number one in the US with the largest amount of operational storage.
ABB - 這家瑞典-瑞士跨國(guó)公司生產(chǎn)太陽(yáng)能應(yīng)用的電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)。產(chǎn)品范圍包括用于家庭、智能交通系統(tǒng)、公用事業(yè)和工業(yè)應(yīng)用的基于鋰離子電池的模塊化解決方案。
ABB - This Swedish-Swiss multinational corporation manufactures battery energy storage systems for solar applications. Their product range includes Li-ion battery-based modular solutions for households, smart transportation systems, utilities, and industrial applications.
比亞迪（中國(guó)） - 比亞迪是全球最大的各種可充電電池制造商之一，生產(chǎn)用于各種應(yīng)用的儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)。他們的產(chǎn)品線包括大型公用事業(yè)BESSs，商業(yè)用模塊化電池式ESSs和 小型電池存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。
BYD (China) - One of the largest manufacturers of all types of rechargeable batteries worldwide, BYD produces energy storage systems for various applications. Their product line comprises large-scale utility BESSs, modular battery-based ESSs for commercial use, and MINI ES products—small-sized battery storage devices.
松下（日本） - 松下推出EverVolt家庭電池存儲(chǔ)解決方案，可提供11至120 kWh的儲(chǔ)能產(chǎn)品。EverVolt使用松下鋰離子電池。
Panasonic (Japan) - Panasonic is the manufacturer of EverVolt home battery storage solutions that can store solar power with 11 to 120 kWh storage options. EverVolt uses Panasonic Li-ion battery cells.
東芝（日本） - 東芝提供SCiB系統(tǒng) - 中大型鋰離子電池儲(chǔ)能解決方案。這些系統(tǒng)適用于公共、商業(yè)和工業(yè)需求。
Toshiba (Japan) - Toshiba offers SCiB systems—medium and large-scale Li-ion battery energy storage solutions. These systems serve public, commercial, and industrial needs.
Fluence - 是西門(mén)子（德國(guó)）和AES（美國(guó)）合資的公司，提供三種電池儲(chǔ)能產(chǎn)品：Gridstack（工業(yè)應(yīng)用的電網(wǎng)級(jí)儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)）、Sunstack（光伏儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)）和Edgestack（商業(yè)儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)）。
Fluence - This is a joint venture between Siemens(Germany) and AES (USA) that offers three battery energy storage products: Gridstack (grid-scale energy storage system for industrial applications), Sunstack (solar energy storage system), and Edgestack (commercial energy storage system).
三星SDI（韓國(guó)） - 三星是全球領(lǐng)先的鋰離子可充電電池制造商之一。它的電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)從kWh到MWh不等，并在家庭、發(fā)電廠、公用事業(yè)和商業(yè)設(shè)施中使用。
Samsung SDI (South Korea) - Samsung is one of the leading global manufacturers of Li-ion rechargeable batteries. Their battery energy storage systems range from kWh to MWh and find use in homes, power plants, utilities, and commercial facilities.
LG 化學(xué)（韓國(guó)） - LG提供電池解決方案，積累和儲(chǔ)存太陽(yáng)能為家庭供電，而不使用公用事業(yè)的電力。LG家用電池RESU系統(tǒng)體積小巧，使用鋰離子電池。
LG Chem (South Korea) - LG provides battery solutions that accumulate and store solar energy to power homes without using electricity from utilities. The LG Home Battery RESU systems have a compact size and use lithium-ion batteries.
通用電氣（美國(guó)） - 制造了廣泛的電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)，可用于獨(dú)立應(yīng)用和集成混合解決方案應(yīng)用，基于太陽(yáng)能、風(fēng)能和熱能。
General Electric (USA) - GE manufactures a broad spectrum of battery energy storage systems that can be used for standalone applications and integrated hybrid solution applications, relying on solar, wind, and thermal power.
日立（日本）- 日立生產(chǎn)用于室內(nèi)和室外的模塊化鋰離子電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)。這些系統(tǒng)專為工商業(yè)應(yīng)用而設(shè)計(jì)，并可與太陽(yáng)能和風(fēng)能以及柴油發(fā)電機(jī)相結(jié)合。
Hitachi (Japan) - Hitachi produces modular battery energy storage systems with Li-ion batteries for indoor and outdoor locations. These systems are designed for commercial and industrial applications and can be combined with solar and wind energy sources as well as diesel generators.
特斯拉（美國(guó)）- Powerwall和Powerpack是特斯拉制造的兩種主要電池儲(chǔ)能產(chǎn)品。這兩個(gè)產(chǎn)品都基于可充電鋰離子電池。Powerpack用于工商業(yè)應(yīng)用，而Powerwall可以與光伏集成用于住宅使用。
Tesla (USA) - Powerwall and Powerpack are the two major battery storage products made by Tesla. Both systems are based on rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Powerpack aims at commercial and industrial applications while Powerwall can be integrated with solar energy for residential use.
NEC公司 - 這家跨國(guó)日本公司生產(chǎn)20到53英尺不等的電池儲(chǔ)儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)。NEC 電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)基于他們的專有軟件平臺(tái)AEROS®。
NEC Corporation - This multinational Japanese corporation produces battery storage containers ranging from 20 to 53 feet. NEC BESSs are based on their proprietary software platform called AEROS®.
江森自控 - 這是一家美國(guó)的集裝箱式鋰離子電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)制造商。他們的分布式儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)適用于50 kWh~200 kWh和150 kWh~5,000 kWh的應(yīng)用。
Johnson Controls - This is a US manufacturer of containerized ESSs based on lithium-ion batteries. Their distributed energy storage systems are designed for applications that supply from 50 kWh to 200 kWh and from 150 kWh to 5,000 kWh.
全球電池儲(chǔ)能市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)充足。隨著電池成本降低，現(xiàn)貨成套的電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)對(duì)消費(fèi)者來(lái)說(shuō)變得更加經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠。根據(jù)彭博社的報(bào)道，鋰離子電池的價(jià)格（在電池的儲(chǔ)能中占主導(dǎo)地位）在過(guò)去的10年里已經(jīng)下降了90%，從2010年的約1200美元每千瓦時(shí)降至2020年的約137美元每千瓦時(shí)。彭博社報(bào)告稱，到2023年，平均鋰離子電池價(jià)格將跌至每千瓦時(shí)100美元。但歸根結(jié)底，電池價(jià)格將取決于項(xiàng)目規(guī)模和存儲(chǔ)容量——小規(guī)模項(xiàng)目的收費(fèi)會(huì)比平均價(jià)格更高。
The global battery energy storage market is abundant in offers. As battery costs tend to fall, ready-made BESSs become more affordable to consumers. According toBloomberg, the price for lithium-ion batteries (that prevail in battery-based energy storage) has dropped by 90% in the past 10 years—from about $1,200 in 2010 to around $137 in 2020 per kilowatt-hour. Bloomberg NEF reported that by 2023, the average Li-ion battery price will plummet to $100 per kilowatt-hour. But at the end of the day, the battery price will depend on the project size and storage capacity—small-scale projects will be charged higher than the average price.
圖7. 2011年至2030年鋰離子電池價(jià)格下降。數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源：Statista
Figure 7. Lithium-ion battery price drop between 2011 and 2030. Source: Statista
除了電池之外，總的電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)成本還包括能源管理系統(tǒng)、BMS、功率轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)或逆變器和其他組件的成本。使用現(xiàn)成的BESS還可能需要安裝、運(yùn)營(yíng)、維護(hù)和保修等費(fèi)用。例如，特斯拉的Powerwall可提供13.5 kWh的可用儲(chǔ)存容量，其價(jià)格可能達(dá)到10,500美元，包括光伏板系統(tǒng)和安裝成本。松下EverVolt允許存儲(chǔ)11.4 kWh至17.1 kWh的能量，其成本將從15,000美元到20,000美元不等，包括光伏板、安裝和設(shè)置。
Apart from the batteries, the total battery energy storage system cost consists of the cost of an energy management system, a BMS, a power conversion system, or inverter, and other components. Utilizing an out-of-the-box BESS may also entail expenses on installation, operation, maintenance, and warranty. For example, Tesla’s Powerwall provides 13.5 kWhof usable storage capacity, and its price can amount to $10,500, including the solar panel system and installation costs. Panasonic EverVolt allows for storing between 11.4 kWh and 17.1 kWh of energy, which will cost from $15,000 to $20,000 with solar panels, installation, and set up.
選擇電池能量?jī)?chǔ)存系統(tǒng)時(shí)，除了價(jià)格，你還應(yīng)該考慮以下因素：
系統(tǒng)的完整性以及相關(guān)子系統(tǒng)和支持設(shè)備的可用性；
電池的化學(xué)、安全和其他特性；
硬件組件的質(zhì)量、可用性和供貨連續(xù)性；
軟件可靠性。
When choosing a battery energy storage system, you should consider plenty of factors other than its cost. They include:
system completeness and availability of related subsystems and supporting equipment;
chemistry, safety, and other characteristics of the battery;
quality, availability, and supply continuity of hardware components;
software reliability.
因此，電池管理系統(tǒng)（BMS）軟件在電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)的整體性能中扮演著重要角色，因?yàn)樗?fù)責(zé)充電、放電以及電池安全。
Thus, BMS software plays a significant role in the overall performance of a battery storage system as it is responsible for charging and discharging along with battery safety.
一旦你準(zhǔn)備購(gòu)買(mǎi)”現(xiàn)貨” 的電池能量?jī)?chǔ)存系統(tǒng)，請(qǐng)確保你或你的員工具備足夠的專業(yè)知識(shí)和資格，在購(gòu)買(mǎi)并向你的客戶交付之前，需檢查整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量和完整性。
Once you are set to buy an off-the-shelf battery energy storage system, make sure you or your staff have enough expertise and qualifications to check the quality and completeness of the entire system before making a purchase and supplying it to your customer.
建立、維護(hù)和支持BESS可能還需要對(duì)你的人員進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)，除非你愿意支付這些服務(wù)給BESS供應(yīng)商。在購(gòu)買(mǎi)電池儲(chǔ)能設(shè)備時(shí)，請(qǐng)確保制造商提供的保修覆蓋系統(tǒng)和組件故障。
Setting up, maintaining, and supporting a BESS may also require personnel training on your side unless you’re ready to pay for these services to the BESS provider. When buying a battery storage device, make sure the manufacturer offers a warranty that covers the repair or replacement of the system and its components in case of failure.
購(gòu)買(mǎi)現(xiàn)成的BESS肯定可以節(jié)省你的時(shí)間，特別是如果你需要一個(gè)沒(méi)有特定消費(fèi)者要求的即插即用解決方案。市場(chǎng)上有豐富的電池能量?jī)?chǔ)存產(chǎn)品，很容易找到可靠的制造商和適合你客戶需求的合適選項(xiàng)。
Purchasing an out-of-the-box BESS can definitely save your time, especially if you need a turnkey solution with no specific consumer requirements for the system. With a rich selection of battery energy storage products on the market, there is a high chance of finding a reliable manufacturer and a suitable option that could meet your customers’ needs.
相反，現(xiàn)成的系統(tǒng)可能會(huì)有定價(jià)不合理的電子產(chǎn)品、質(zhì)量不佳的預(yù)裝軟件和不必要的功能，這些都會(huì)增加成本。它們可能也缺乏最終用戶所需的功能，或者無(wú)法滿足消費(fèi)者的行業(yè)和商業(yè)利基需求、運(yùn)行條件和位置要求。此外，并不是所有的BESS供應(yīng)商都提供全方位解決方案，從不同制造商購(gòu)買(mǎi)組件和子系統(tǒng)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的兼容性和互連問(wèn)題。開(kāi)發(fā)自定義電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)可能會(huì)成為值得考慮的替代方案。
Conversely, ready-made systems may have unreasonably priced electronics, pre-installed software of poor quality, and unnecessary features that add to the cost. They may also lack features desired by the end user or fail to satisfy the consumer’s industry and business niche demands or operating conditions and location requirements. In addition, not all BESS suppliers provide all-in-one solutions, and purchasing components and subsystems from different manufacturers can result in serious compatibility and interconnection issues. Developing a custom battery energy storage system can become an alternative that is worth looking at.
建設(shè)BESS：優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)
Building a BESS: Pros and Cons
量身定制BESS可以彌補(bǔ)大多數(shù)電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)提供商提供的現(xiàn)成解決方案所缺乏的內(nèi)容。因此，它們可以滿足潛在客戶的確切需求。但是，實(shí)施定制產(chǎn)品是一項(xiàng)耗時(shí)和消耗資源的任務(wù)。構(gòu)建電池儲(chǔ)能解決方案屬于大規(guī)模、長(zhǎng)周期的項(xiàng)目，定制可能需要數(shù)月甚至數(shù)年的時(shí)間。
Tailor-made BESSs can make up for what’s lacking in out-of-the-box solutions offered by major battery storage systems providers. So, they can meet the exact needs of your potential consumers. However, implementing a custom product is a time-taking and resource-consuming task. Building a battery energy storage solution belongs to large-scale, long-running projects that can last for months or even years.
BESS是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的多層次工程系統(tǒng)，因此從零開(kāi)始開(kāi)發(fā)基于電池的儲(chǔ)能解決方案需要對(duì)各種領(lǐng)域，包括電池技術(shù)、電力電子和嵌入式軟件開(kāi)發(fā)有深入的了解。在我們即將發(fā)布的文章中，將介紹與開(kāi)發(fā)和實(shí)施電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的挑戰(zhàn)。
A BESS is a complex, multilayer engineering system, so developing a battery-based storage solution from the ground up requires deep knowledge in various fields, including battery technologies, power electronics, and embedded software development. In our upcoming articles, we’ll cover challenges associated with developing and implementing battery energy storage systems.
選擇正確的開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)就是成功的一半；這就是為什么雇用受過(guò)良好培訓(xùn)且具有相關(guān)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的專業(yè)人員至關(guān)重要。從零開(kāi)始創(chuàng)建電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)需要電子設(shè)計(jì)、電氣工程、低級(jí)固件、高級(jí)軟件和機(jī)械工程方面的專業(yè)人員進(jìn)行復(fù)合型設(shè)計(jì)。
Choosing the right development team is half the battle; that’s why it’s essential to hire well-trained professionals with relevant experience. Creating a battery energy storage system from scratch takes specialists inelectronic design, electrical engineering, low-level firmware, high-level software, and mechanical engineering for enclosure design.
Integra Sources團(tuán)隊(duì)可能是您項(xiàng)目的最佳選擇。我們?yōu)锽ESS的電池管理、雙向功率轉(zhuǎn)換、能源管理和安全系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)PCB。我們的工程師實(shí)施監(jiān)控和控制軟件，并提供在線數(shù)據(jù)通信以進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)程BESS管理。我們創(chuàng)建可擴(kuò)展的電池儲(chǔ)能解決方案，具有快速響應(yīng)時(shí)間、快速爬坡率和高效電源。與電網(wǎng)或可再生能源集成，我們的BESS可用于負(fù)載管理、電源備份、頻率和電壓調(diào)節(jié)、能量時(shí)移以及許多其他用途。
The Integra Sources team could be the right fit for your project. We design PCBs for battery management, bi-directional power conversion, energy management, and safety systems of a BESS. Our engineers implement monitoring and control software and provide online data communication for remote BESS management. We create scalable battery energy storage solutions with fast response time, quick ramp rate, and high-efficiency power supply. Integrated with either electrical grids or renewables, our BESSs can serve for load management, power backup, frequency and voltage regulation, energy time-shifting, and many other purposes.
制造是制作自己的電池儲(chǔ)能產(chǎn)品時(shí)必須面對(duì)的另一個(gè)重要挑戰(zhàn)。BESS制造過(guò)程涉及多種任務(wù)，需要在不同的生產(chǎn)設(shè)施中進(jìn)行。因此，協(xié)同是高效BESS制造的關(guān)鍵。
Manufacturing is another important challenge you’ll have to face when making your own battery energy storage product. The BESS manufacturing process involves a diversity of tasks that can be carried out at different production facilities. So, synergy is the key to efficient BESS manufacture.
您還需要負(fù)責(zé)產(chǎn)品認(rèn)證。除國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如IEC、ISO、IEEE和UL外，BESS很可能還需要滿足每個(gè)國(guó)家的特定國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和認(rèn)證要求。例如，在美國(guó)，儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)還必須符合聯(lián)邦能源監(jiān)管委員會(huì)（FERC）、能源部（DOE）和一些州級(jí)監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)的規(guī)定。
You’ll have to take care of the product certification too. Apart from international standards, such as IEC, ISO, IEEE, and UL, a BESS is highly likely to need to meet specific national standards and certification requirements in each particular country. For example, in the United States, an energy storage system must also conform to the regulations of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the Department of Energy (DOE), and some regulatory agencies at the state level.
圖8. BESS必須遵守特定于該地區(qū)和行業(yè)的國(guó)家和國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
Figure 8. A BESS must comply with national and international standards specific to the region and industry.
2019年10月，澳大利亞和新西蘭制定了AS/NZS 5139:2019- 一項(xiàng)聯(lián)合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，旨在為電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)設(shè)定一般的安裝和安全要求。此外，澳大利亞BESS制造商必須遵守其他許多國(guó)家和國(guó)際代碼和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
In October 2019, Australia and New Zealand developed AS/NZS 5139:2019—a joint standard that sets general installation and safety requirements for battery energy storage systems. In addition, Australian BESS manufacturers must comply with a number of other national and international codes and standards.
認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也可能取決于BESS的行業(yè)和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。例如，DNV提供了一份推薦實(shí)踐，其中包含用于海洋系統(tǒng)中使用的儲(chǔ)能裝置的設(shè)計(jì)、性能、操作、維護(hù)和安全的指南。該文件包括對(duì)充/放電率、荷電狀態(tài)（SOC）、健康狀態(tài)（SOH）、放電深度（DoD）和許多其他系統(tǒng)參數(shù)和操作條件的規(guī)格說(shuō)明。
Certification criteria may also depend on the industry and application area of a BESS. For example, DNVprovides a recommended practice that contains guidelines for design, performance, operation, maintenance, and safety for energy storage used in marine systems. The document comprises specifications for charge/discharge rate, SOC, SOH, DoD, and many other system parameters and operating conditions.
從事BESS開(kāi)發(fā)的工程團(tuán)隊(duì)必須精通認(rèn)證要求和適用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這有助于減輕系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，并按時(shí)、在預(yù)算范圍內(nèi)向最終用戶提供高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品。
The engineering team engaged in BESS development must be well-versed in the certification requirements and applicable standards. This helps mitigate risks in the system’s design and delivers a high-quality product to your end user on time and within budget.
盡管存在許多挑戰(zhàn)，但設(shè)計(jì)一款定制的BESS可以增強(qiáng)可用性，降低運(yùn)營(yíng)成本，并提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性。在深入挖掘市場(chǎng)后，您可以關(guān)注客戶的需求，考慮”現(xiàn)貨”BESS的缺點(diǎn)，并創(chuàng)建炙手可熱，倍受歡迎的電池儲(chǔ)能解決方案。
Despite the challenges, designing a bespoke BESS can enhance usability, reduce operating costs, and improve the reliability of the system. After drilling down the market, you can heed the customers’ needs, consider the shortcomings of off-the-shelf BESSs, and create highly sought-after battery energy storage solutions.
實(shí)現(xiàn)您自己的產(chǎn)品使您獨(dú)立于任何特定的BESS提供商及其服務(wù)。您可以在沒(méi)有中介的情況下，以快速的方式為客戶設(shè)置、維護(hù)、支持和提供其他服務(wù)。
Implementing your own product makes you independent of any particular BESS provider and its services. You can set up, maintain, support, and deliver other services to your customers in a prompt manner and without intermediaries.
結(jié)論
Conclusion
BESS是一種多組件能量存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)，能夠存儲(chǔ)不同量的電化學(xué)能量，并在以后用于各種目的，包括峰值削減、能源獲利或黑啟動(dòng)。
A BESS is a multi-component energy storage system able to store varying amounts of electrochemical energy and use it later for a range of purposes—be it peak shaving, energy arbitrage, or a black start.
電池技術(shù)的進(jìn)步使得BESS成為輕便且價(jià)格實(shí)惠的解決方案，可用于住宅和商業(yè)用途，包括智能家居、大型工業(yè)設(shè)施和公用事業(yè)網(wǎng)格。建筑物、村莊、城鎮(zhèn)甚至整個(gè)島嶼都可以使用與綠色能源集成的電池儲(chǔ)存，實(shí)現(xiàn)可靠的自給自足電源供應(yīng)。
The advances in battery technology make a BESS a light and affordable solution for both residential and commercial use, including smart homes, large-scale industrial facilities, and utility grids. Buildings, villages, towns, and even entire islands can employ battery storage integrated with green energy for a reliable, self-sufficient power supply.
BESS制造商提供各種存儲(chǔ)容量的豐富選擇，適用于任何應(yīng)用和預(yù)算。然而，購(gòu)買(mǎi)”現(xiàn)貨”的系統(tǒng)需要對(duì)技術(shù)有強(qiáng)烈的認(rèn)識(shí)，而現(xiàn)成的BESS可能不能滿足最終用戶的特定要求。
BESS manufacturers offer a wealth of options with various storage capacities and for any application and budget. However, purchasing an off-the-shelf system demands strong knowledge of the technology, and a ready-made BESS may not meet the specific requirements of an end user.
盡管設(shè)計(jì)復(fù)雜且項(xiàng)目周期長(zhǎng)，定制的BESS可以滿足客戶的行業(yè)需求，解決他們的問(wèn)題，并降低運(yùn)營(yíng)成本。找到合適的開(kāi)發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)可以幫助您構(gòu)建一個(gè)功能良好的定制解決方案。Integra在電池存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)方面擁有深厚的專業(yè)知識(shí)，包括硬件和軟件組件。根據(jù)客戶要求，我們可以計(jì)算BESS的性能特征和設(shè)計(jì)成本，開(kāi)發(fā)電子設(shè)備，編寫(xiě)固件，并構(gòu)建應(yīng)用程序以管理系統(tǒng)并遠(yuǎn)程通信。通過(guò)選擇正確的組件和設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)，我們將使您的產(chǎn)品具有可靠性、高效性和符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此，如果您想創(chuàng)建一個(gè)電池儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)或需要專家意見(jiàn)來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)和實(shí)施它，請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系。
Despite the design complexity and long project duration, a bespoke BESS can cater to your customer’s industry needs, solve their problems, and cut down on operational costs. Finding the right development team can assist you in building a well-functioning customized solution. Integra has deep expertise in battery storage technologies, including their hardware and software components. Depending on the consumer requirements, we can calculate the performance characteristics and design costs of a BESS, develop electronics, write firmware, and build apps to manage the system and communicate with it remotely. By choosing the right components and design techniques, we’ll make your product reliable, highly efficient, and standards-compliant. So if you’re looking to create a battery energy storage system or need an expert opinion on its development and implementation, reach out to us to get things started.
儲(chǔ) 能 今 日 小 課 堂
◆ 儲(chǔ)能可靠性 | Energy storage reliability
儲(chǔ)能可靠性是指儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)在長(zhǎng)期運(yùn)行中持續(xù)提供穩(wěn)定性能的能力，包括功率輸出、容量保持和系統(tǒng)響應(yīng)速度等方面。
◆ 儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng) | Energy storage system
儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)是指將能量存儲(chǔ)起來(lái)并在需要時(shí)釋放的系統(tǒng)，用于平衡能源供需、提供備用能源等功能。
◆ 儲(chǔ)能容量 | Energy storage capacity
儲(chǔ)能容量是指儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)能夠存儲(chǔ)的能量量度，通常以千瓦時(shí)（kWh）或兆瓦時(shí)（MWh）計(jì)量。
