中國儲(chǔ)能網(wǎng)訊：中英文：(中文翻譯使用Google翻譯，無校驗(yàn)，不當(dāng)之處,請諒解。）
Fires involving lithium-ion cells are the result of electrolyte burning, which is a
hydrocarbon/airflame. Thus, many flame suppression agents will be effective
in suppressing flamingcombustion. However due to the electrical nature of battery packs, particularly the high voltagesassociated with large format battery
packs, conductive suppression agents may not be a goodchoice. In addition, because of the potential for re-ignition due to cascading cell thermalrunaway reactions, an ideal suppressing agent will stay suspended and prevent re-light ofcombustible mixture from cell hot surfaces. Suppressants shown to be
effective include: inertgas / smothering of flames (fire behavior testing data indicates that smothering is effectivein preventing flaming, but will not cool cells and prevent thermal runaway propagation), carbondioxide (Exponent
typically uses carbon dioxide extinguishers to suppress flaming of cellsduring testing – this will not cool cells and prevent thermal runaway propagation), water (anumber of sources have described the effectiveness of water to suppress
flaming andcool cells), and Halon.
涉及鋰離子電池的火災(zāi)是電解質(zhì)的燃燒，這是一個(gè)烴/ airflame的結(jié)果。因此，許多的火焰滅火劑會(huì)有效抑制焰燃燒。然而，由于與大幅面電池相關(guān)的電池組，特別是高電壓的電氣性質(zhì)包裝，導(dǎo)電劑抑制可能不是一個(gè)很好的選擇。另外，由于復(fù)燃，由于級聯(lián)電池的熱失控反應(yīng)的可能性的，理想的滅火劑將保持懸浮，并防止電池?zé)岜砻娴目扇蓟旌衔锏闹剌p。表明滅火劑是有效的包括：火焰的惰性氣體/窒息（防火性能測試數(shù)據(jù)表明，窒息是有效預(yù)防熾盛，但不冷靜細(xì)胞，防止熱失控傳播），二氧化碳（指數(shù)通常使用二氧化碳滅火器測試過程中抑制細(xì)胞的有焰燃燒 - 這不會(huì)冷卻電池組，防止熱失控傳播），水和哈龍。
There is limited published data regarding the selection of suppressants for use on lithium-ionbattery fires. The design of suppression systems in battery manufacturing facilities is generallyconsidered proprietary information and is not
publically available. Testing data that is availablehas been published is related
to very specific lithium-ion battery applications, primarily thesuppression of
fires in air transport: fires that might occur in a passenger cabin, where very
limited numbers of cells could become involved and Halon extinguishers and water are availablesuppressants, and fires that might occur in aircraft cargo
holds, where Halon is the availablesuppressant. Full scale fire suppression
testing is necessary to evaluate specific storageconfigurations, quantities, arrangements and fire suppression system design criteria and overall
effectiveness.
關(guān)于滅火劑對鋰離子電池的公開的數(shù)據(jù)不多。在電池的生產(chǎn)設(shè)施滅火系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)通常被認(rèn)為是專有信息，是不公開可用的?？捎靡压嫉臏y試數(shù)據(jù)相關(guān)以非常具體的鋰離子電池的應(yīng)用中，主要是抑制火災(zāi)航空運(yùn)輸：可能發(fā)生在客艙，其中很火細(xì)胞的數(shù)量有限，有可能成為參與和哈龍滅火器和水可用抑制劑，和火災(zāi)可能發(fā)生在飛機(jī)貨艙成立，其中哈龍是可用的抑制劑。滿量程滅火測試是必要的特定存儲(chǔ)配置，數(shù)量，安排和滅火系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和總體評價(jià)效力。
Navy Sea Systems Command released an Advanced Change Notice for
Lithium BatteryFirefighting Procedures. In this document, the Navy
recommends (based on limited testing),the use of “a narrow-angle fog of
water or AFFF” to cool batteries, suppress “fireballs,” andreduce the likelihood of thermal runaway propagation.
The FAA studied suppression of lithium-ion batteries with water and Halon
1211, as these aretypically available in hand extinguishers aboard
commercial aircraft. As a first choice, theFAA recommends the use of water to suppress fires involving notebook computers, becausewater will both
extinguish flames and suppress thermal runaway propagation. As a second
choice, the FAA recommends using Halon 1211 to knock down flames,
followed by deluge fromavailable water sources (such as bottles of drinking
water). Halon 1211 alone will not preventre-ignitions of cells due to
propagation of cell thermal runaway reactions. In FAA tests,application of ice did not sufficiently cool cells to prevent thermal runaway propagation.
海軍海上系統(tǒng)司令部發(fā)布了一個(gè)先進(jìn)的變更通知的鋰電池消防手續(xù)。在該文件中，海軍建議（基于有限的測試），使用的“窄角霧化水或水成膜泡沫“來冷卻電池，抑制”火球“，并減少熱失控傳播的可能性。美國聯(lián)邦航空局研究了鋰離子電池的抑制與水和哈龍1211因?yàn)檫@些是通?？稍谑譁缁鹌鞔仙逃蔑w機(jī)。作為第一選擇，美國聯(lián)邦航空局建議使用水抑制涉及筆記本電腦的火災(zāi)，因水將兩者滅火和抑制熱失控繁殖。作為第二選擇，F(xiàn)AA建議使用1211打掉火焰，其次是從可用水源（如飲用水）。 1211本身并不能防止因電池組的復(fù)燃，電池?zé)崾Э胤磻?yīng)的傳播。在FAA的測試中，冰的應(yīng)用程序沒有充分冷卻電池，防止熱失控的傳播。
In 2010, the FAA reported on testing lithium iron phosphate and 8-Ah lithium
cobalt oxide softpackpolymer cells. Halon 1211 was able to successfully
extinguish flames from these cells.
In addition, the iron phosphate cells did not continue to vent or re-ignite once
the Halon 1211was applied. However, Halon 1211 was not able to suppress
re-ignition of the soft-pouchpolymer cells (cobalt oxide chemistry).
2010年，美國聯(lián)邦航空局報(bào)告的測試磷酸鐵鋰和8-Ah氧化鈷softpack聚合物電池。1211能夠成功從撲滅這些電池組的火焰。另外，磷酸鐵電池沒有繼續(xù)發(fā)泄或復(fù)燃。然而，1211是不是能夠抑制軟袋聚合物單元的復(fù)燃（鈷氧化物化學(xué)）。
Halon 1301 is the least toxic of the Halon fire suppressants and is considered
to have superiorfire extinguishing characteristics. In particular, it rapidly knocks down flaming combustion, hasa penetrating vapor that can flow around
baffles and obstructions, leaves no residue, is noncorrosive,requires small
storage volumes, is non-conductive, and is colorless, which prevents the
generation of false fire alarms by obscuration. Halon does not act by
displacing oxygen, rather itacts by interfering with the chemistry of
combustion, specifically by terminating chain branchingreactions that occur
in the gas phase in typical hydrocarbon/air flames. The fact that Halon iseffective in suppressing lithium-ion battery flames is another indication that these
flames aresubstantially similar to typical hydrocarbon/air flames. Halon 1301 (bromotrifluoromethane) is amethane derivative. The bromine atom confers
strong fire suppressant properties, while thefluorine atoms confer stability to
the molecule and reduce its toxicity. Bromine atoms interferewith the free
radical and chain branching reactions that are important in combustion.
哈龍1301是毒性最小的哈龍滅火劑，被認(rèn)為是具有優(yōu)越的滅火性能。特別是，它迅速擊倒焰燃燒，具有穿透蒸氣可繞流擋板和障礙物，不留殘?jiān)?，無腐蝕性，要求小存儲(chǔ)卷，是不導(dǎo)電的，并且是無色的，從而防止代通過遮攔消防警鐘誤鳴。哈龍不以行為置換氧氣，而它作用通過用的化學(xué)干擾燃燒，特別是通過終止發(fā)生鏈支化反應(yīng)在典型的烴/空氣火焰氣相。事實(shí)鹵代烷是有效抑制鋰離子電池的火焰是另一個(gè)指示這些火焰基本上類似于典型烴/空氣火焰。哈龍1301（溴三氟甲烷）是甲烷衍生物。該溴原子表示授予強(qiáng)大的滅火劑特性，而氟原子賦予穩(wěn)定性該分子并降低其毒性。溴原子干擾與游離激進(jìn)和支鏈反應(yīng)是燃燒重要。
Halon 1301 is generally considered very effective for electrical fires (Class C fires),flammable liquid and gas fires (Class B fires), and surface-burning flammable solid (such asthermoplastic) fires. However,Halon 1301 has minimal
effectiveness on reactive metals, rapidoxidizers, and deep-seated Class A fires. Halon 1301 is minimally effective on deep-seatedClass A fires
because itworks by interfering with the chemical reactions that create flames; itdoes notcool the fuel feeding the fire. Thus, while Halon 1301 can extinguish theflamingportion of a Class A fire, the glowing deep-seated portion of the firecan continue to smolder andspread at a reduced rate.
The strong effect of Halon addition can be seen upon examining the flammability limits offuel/air/Halon mixtures, and comparing them with the flammability
limits of fuel/air/inert diluentmixtures. When small quantities of Halon are
added to a fuel/air mixture, they narrow the rangein which that mixture is
flammable. Halon is far more effective at narrowing the flammablerange than
an inert diluent. If sufficient Halon is added, the flammable range of a mixture, evenat an elevated temperature, is eliminated and the mixture cannot be
ignited.Note that productionof Halon was banned by the Montreal Protocols, as this material contributes to the destruction ofthe ozone layer.Halon in use today is from recycled sources only,primarily for protection ofaircraft.
哈龍1301通常被認(rèn)為是電氣火災(zāi)（C類火災(zāi)），易燃液體和氣體火災(zāi)（B類火災(zāi)），以及表面燃燒可燃固體（如熱塑性塑料）的火災(zāi)非常有效。然而，哈龍1301對活性金屬，快速氧化劑，而深層次的A類火災(zāi)最少的有效性。哈龍1301是效果最差的深層次的A類火災(zāi)是因?yàn)樗ㄟ^工作與創(chuàng)建火焰化學(xué)反應(yīng)的干擾;因此，雖然哈龍1301可以撲滅燃燒一類部分火災(zāi)，大火燒紅的深層次的部分可以繼續(xù)在降低利率悶燒和蔓延。
鹵代烷加成的強(qiáng)效可根據(jù)檢查的燃料/空氣/鹵代烷混合物的可燃性限值，并將它們與可燃性比較可以看出燃料/空氣/惰性稀釋劑的混合物的限制。當(dāng)哈龍的小批量加入到燃料/空氣混合物，它們縮小范圍，其中該混合物是易燃。哈龍是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)更有效地縮小可燃范圍比惰性稀釋劑。如果加入足夠的鹵代烷，則混合物的可燃范圍，即使在高溫下，被消除，并且該混合物不能點(diǎn)燃。需要注意的是生產(chǎn)哈龍的被蒙特利爾議定書禁止，因?yàn)檫@種材料有助于對臭氧層的破壞。目前使用的哈龍是唯一的再生資源，主要用于飛機(jī)的保護(hù)。
Table 12 shows the average percent by volume of agent in air required to extinguish a flame. Italso shows the design concentrations for a total flooding system required to suppress flamingcombustion. The design concentrations for flame extinguishment include an added safety factorover the required
concentrations. These design recommendations are approximately 5% for
mostfuels.
表12示出了通過在撲滅火焰所需的空氣劑的體積的平均百分比。這也顯示了抑制焰燃燒需要全淹沒系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的濃度。該設(shè)計(jì)濃度火焰熄滅包括在需要一個(gè)額外的安全系數(shù)濃度。這些設(shè)計(jì)建議約5％大多數(shù)燃料。
In 2004, Exponent conducted FAA-style testing of the effectiveness of Halon 1301 insuppressing lithium-ion cell and battery pack fires. A series of Halon
1301 suppression testswere conducted with bare 18650 cells and computer laptop battery packs. The bare cells werenot electrically connected, but were taped together. Ignition was accomplished by igniting a panof propanol below the cells. Halon 1301 was applied late in each test, once cells had begun to
vent with burning jets. Within seconds of application, all flames were extinguished and noadditional flaming was observed for the continuing duration of the test. When Halon 1301 wasapplied there was a precipitous drop in the chamber temperatures and heat flux measurements.
This was entirely consistent with flame suppression. Chamber temperatures and heat fluxesremained low for the duration of the testing. Note that Halon 1301 application did not cool thecells (Figure 42). Thermal runaway of individual cells and cell venting continued to occur afterHalon 1301 was applied. Examination of all cells from Exponent’s Halon 1301 tests showed thatthey had vented. However, with Halon 1301 present, this process did not result in flaming
combustion. Exponent concluded Halon 1301 is very effective in controlling burning lithiumioncells.
In 2006, the FAA conducted similar tests of Halon 1301 suppression on 18650 lithium-ion cellsat 50 and 100% SOC.The FAA observed similar behavior to test results reported byExponent.
2004年，指數(shù)進(jìn)行了哈龍1301 insuppressing鋰離子電池和電池組火災(zāi)的有效性FAA式測試。一系列的哈龍1301年抑制試驗(yàn)是用裸18650電池和筆記本電腦電池組進(jìn)行。裸電池沒有電連接，但被粘貼在一起。點(diǎn)火被點(diǎn)燃細(xì)胞下面丙醇的平移完成。哈龍1301在每個(gè)測試后期應(yīng)用，一旦細(xì)胞已經(jīng)開始用燃燒的飛機(jī)發(fā)泄。在應(yīng)用秒鐘，所有明火被撲滅，并觀察到了測試的持續(xù)時(shí)間不斷沒有額外的熾盛。當(dāng)哈龍1301應(yīng)用于有在室內(nèi)的溫度和熱通量測量值的急劇下降。
這與火焰的抑制是完全一致的。腔室的溫度和熱通量對于測試的持續(xù)時(shí)間仍然很低。需要注意的是哈龍1301的應(yīng)用程序沒有冷卻細(xì)胞（圖42）。單個(gè)細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞排氣熱失控繼續(xù)應(yīng)用于哈龍1301后出現(xiàn)。從指數(shù)的哈龍1301的測試所有細(xì)胞的檢查表明，他們已經(jīng)排出。然而，鹵化烴1301目前，這種方法并沒有導(dǎo)致。指數(shù)總結(jié)哈龍1301在控制鋰離子燃燒細(xì)胞非常有效。
2006年，美國聯(lián)邦航空局50 18650上的鋰離子電池進(jìn)行哈龍1301的抑制類似的測試，100％SOC. 聯(lián)邦航空局觀察到類似的行為來測試通過指數(shù)報(bào)告的結(jié)果。
本文內(nèi)容摘自：
Lithium-Ion Batteries Hazardand Use Assessment
鋰離子電池危險(xiǎn)以及使用評估（由美國消防保護(hù)基金會(huì)贊助）
注：Google翻譯有很多不當(dāng)之處，限于時(shí)間原因，未能校正。請讀者自行
校正。
