中國儲(chǔ)能網(wǎng)訊：
為什么V2G是能源存儲(chǔ)的未來？
Why V2G is the future of energy storage？
August 8, 2023 BEN COOK
譯者說
儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，是新型低碳化電力系統(tǒng)的必然組成部分。如何能更充分的利用社會(huì)現(xiàn)有資源實(shí)現(xiàn)新型電網(wǎng)（包含大量新能源接入和分布式特征）運(yùn)行的穩(wěn)定性，并減少化石能源的使用，更大范圍的實(shí)現(xiàn)全社會(huì)的凈零碳目標(biāo)，是所有新型電力設(shè)備應(yīng)用是都應(yīng)該關(guān)注的課題。電動(dòng)汽車，作為新型交通工具，替代燃油汽車已經(jīng)成為歷史的必然趨勢，而隨著電動(dòng)車保有量的增加，龐大的車載電池容量是人們不可忽視的潛在儲(chǔ)能資源。通過對(duì)V2G技術(shù)的研究、測試和推廣，形成行業(yè)共識(shí)，推動(dòng)這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的普及，讓更多汽車制造商和電力系統(tǒng)接納電動(dòng)車雙向充電功能，電動(dòng)汽車將成為未來在儲(chǔ)能領(lǐng)域規(guī)模和影響力不弱于化學(xué)儲(chǔ)能和抽水蓄能的重要的儲(chǔ)能設(shè)施。而且兩項(xiàng)最值得關(guān)注的價(jià)值點(diǎn)是：第一，V2G不影響電動(dòng)汽車的電池性能和壽命，通過合理的智能充放電策略還有可能改善；第二，這項(xiàng)儲(chǔ)能措施不用增加額外的投資成本；這都更符合未來低碳可持續(xù)發(fā)展社會(huì)的需求。本文預(yù)測，到2050年，V2G技術(shù)可以給全球儲(chǔ)能帶來220TWh/年的儲(chǔ)能容量，這是一筆非?？捎^的社會(huì)資源，也是這項(xiàng)技術(shù)勢必會(huì)蓬勃發(fā)展的理由。
盡管有一些質(zhì)疑聲，但是V2G技術(shù)作為全球儲(chǔ)能容量的主要提供者，它的崛起是不可阻擋的。
Despite some scepticism, the rise of vehicle-to-grid technology as a major provider of storage capacity around the world will be inexorable.
* V2G將與鋰電池儲(chǔ)能和抽水蓄能一起成為主要的儲(chǔ)能提供者。
* Vehicle-to-grid will join li-ion batteries and pumped storage as major capacity provider.
* 研究表明，V2G實(shí)際上可以改善汽車電池性能。
* Study shows V2G can actually improve car battery performance.
* 雖然特斯拉首席執(zhí)行官埃隆·馬斯克表示懷疑，但V2G的崛起是不可阻擋的。
* Tesla CEO Elon Musk has expressed scepticism, but rise of V2G is inevitable.
V2G將成為儲(chǔ)能領(lǐng)域下一個(gè)主要趨勢之一。這種“車載儲(chǔ)能”系統(tǒng)在未來20年內(nèi)將成為全球容量幾乎與專用鋰電池儲(chǔ)能和抽水蓄能相當(dāng)?shù)囊环N儲(chǔ)能方式。
One of the next major trends in energy storage will be vehicle-to-grid, or V2G, storage. This form of ‘storage on wheels’ is set to be almost as big a contributor to global capacity as dedicated lithium-ion batteries and pumped hydro – the dominant forms of storage currently – within the next 20 years.
簡單來說，V2G充電使能量可以雙向流動(dòng) - 從電網(wǎng)進(jìn)入電動(dòng)汽車，然后再回到電網(wǎng)。這是一種讓電動(dòng)汽車（EV）車主可以通過將車輛中的能量賣回電網(wǎng)獲利的系統(tǒng)。
Simply put, V2G charging enables energy to flow bi-directionally - from the grid into an electric car and back again. It’s a system that allows electric vehicle (EV) owners to make money by selling energy from their vehicle back to the grid.
V2G將很快起飛。在最近的一項(xiàng)發(fā)展中，諾丁漢市議會(huì)上周宣布，他們推出了V2G示范項(xiàng)目。市議會(huì)的車隊(duì)庫里有40個(gè)雙向V2G充電器，其中還有三個(gè)太陽能電池組和兩個(gè)300kW E-STOR能源儲(chǔ)存系統(tǒng)，由Connected Energy提供。市議會(huì)表示，V2G項(xiàng)目將使其避免高額的電費(fèi)，并為其提供向電網(wǎng)出售電力的機(jī)會(huì)。
And V2G will soon take-off. In one of the most recent developments, Nottingham City Council announced last week that it had launched a V2G demonstrator project. The council’s fleet depot is home to 40 vehicle-to-grid (V2G) bi-directional chargers with three solar arrays and two 300kW E-STOR energy storage systems from Connected Energy. The council has said the V2G project will enable it to avoid high electricity tariffs and give it the opportunity to sell electricity back to the grid.
V2G如何幫電動(dòng)汽車車主賺錢
How V2G earns money for EV owners
V2G技術(shù)也可以為電動(dòng)汽車車主帶來利潤。英國的OVO Energy、Kaluza、日產(chǎn)汽車公司、研究咨詢公司Cenex和Indra Renewable Technology聯(lián)合推出的V2G試驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目，車主通過VG連接將車輛中的電量以30便士/千瓦時(shí)的價(jià)格賣回電網(wǎng)。該項(xiàng)目得出結(jié)論是：“試驗(yàn)中的客戶無需做任何事情，只需在不使用時(shí)將他們的汽車插入充電器，就可以年賺725英鎊?！?
V2G technology can also be lucrative for private EV owners. A V2G trial programme run in the UK – by OVO Energy, Kaluza, Nissan Motor Company, research consultancy Cenex, and Indra Renewable Technology – involved V2G connected car-owners selling energy from their vehicle back to the grid at a rate of 30p per kWh. The programme concluded that “customers in the trial have been able to earn as much as ￡725 a year without needing to do anything except keep their cars plugged in when they are not in use”.
不難看出，V2G將成為全球儲(chǔ)能容量的主要來源之一。與需要大量投資、土地和方案許可的固定儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)不同，電動(dòng)汽車銷量不斷增加，因此根據(jù)總部位于芬蘭的電動(dòng)汽車充電服務(wù)公司Virta的說法，V2G可以成為“無額外成本”的更大的儲(chǔ)能容量貢獻(xiàn)者。
It's not hard to see why V2G is set to become one of the major sources of global energy storage capacity. Unlike stationary energy storage systems, which can require significant investment, plots of land, and planning permission, electric vehicle sales are continuously increasing with the result V2G can become a much bigger contributor of storage capacity with “no extra cost”, according to Finland-headquartered electric vehicle charging services company Virta.
這是一個(gè)有說服力的觀點(diǎn)。據(jù)估計(jì)，到2030年全球?qū)⒂?40-240萬輛電動(dòng)汽車。Virta稱：“這意味著我們將擁有至少1.4億個(gè)車載小型電能儲(chǔ)存設(shè)備，聚合儲(chǔ)能容量為7 TWh?！薄拔覀兿嘈?，電動(dòng)汽車是幫助可再生能源管理和生產(chǎn)的最明智的方式，因?yàn)椴还芪覀冞x擇如何使用它們，EV都將成為我們未來生活的一部分?！?
It’s a compelling argument. It is estimated that globally there will be 140-240 million electric vehicles by 2030. “This means that we'll have at least 140 million tiny energy storages on wheels with an aggregated storage capacity of 7 TWh,” claims Virta. “We believe that electric cars are simply the smartest way to help with renewable energy management and production, as EVs will be part of our lives in the future — regardless of the ways we choose to use them.”
在OVO Energy的V2G試驗(yàn)中，一位參與者評(píng)論道：“我的汽車有90％的時(shí)間都閑置著。你的座駕上有一個(gè)巨大的儲(chǔ)能設(shè)備。你已經(jīng)投資了那么多的錢購買汽車，為什么不更多地利用它，而不是讓它閑置著？”
As one participant in the OVO Energy V2G trial commented: “Ninety per cent of the time my car is sat doing nothing. You have a huge energy storage device sitting on your drive. You’ve invested all that money in a car, so why not use it more of the time, rather than have it sitting doing nothing.”
主要汽車制造商在V2G方面的立場
Where major carmakers stand on V2G
雖然V2G的實(shí)施將會(huì)起飛，但只有在克服了一些障礙之后才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。首先，并不是所有的電動(dòng)汽車都兼容V2G，許多制造商處于該技術(shù)的不同發(fā)展階段。以下是一些主要汽車制造商目前在V2G方面的情況：
While V2G implementation will take off, it will only do so once a number of barriers have been surmounted. To begin with, not all electric cars are V2G compatible, with a number of manufacturers at different stages in the development of the technology. Here’s a run-down of the current position of a number of major carmakers in relation to V2G:
日產(chǎn)
雖然日產(chǎn)聆風(fēng)自2013年以來就兼容V2G，但直到去年9月，該汽車制造商才批準(zhǔn)了其第一個(gè)V2G充電器。
Nissan?
Though the Nissan Leaf has been V2G compatible since 2013, it was only in September last year that the carmaker approved its first V2G charger for the car.
大眾汽車
去年9月，有消息稱，大眾汽車與Ellia集團(tuán)簽署了一份諒解備忘錄，探討V2G技術(shù)如何能夠潛在地穩(wěn)定能源網(wǎng)，同時(shí)激勵(lì)電動(dòng)汽車司機(jī)。
Volkswagen
In September last year, it emerged that Volkswagen had signed a memorandum of understanding with Ellia Group to explore how V2G technology can potentially stabilise the energy grid, while at the same time rewarding EV drivers.
福特
美國的杜克能源公司在去年8月宣布，它正在開始一項(xiàng)研究和開發(fā)試點(diǎn)計(jì)劃，以評(píng)估使用福特F-150閃電汽車--它具有V2G功能--為電網(wǎng)供電的可能性。
Ford
US-based Duke Energy announced in August last year that it was beginning a research and development pilot programme to evaluate the possibility of using the Ford F-150 Lightning vehicle – which has V2G capabilities – to feed the power grid.
現(xiàn)代汽車
去年4月，現(xiàn)代汽車--與移動(dòng)服務(wù)提供商We Drive Solar合作--在荷蘭城市烏特勒支啟動(dòng)了一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，該項(xiàng)目將涉及部署25輛配備V2G技術(shù)的IONIQ 5汽車。現(xiàn)代公司在一份聲明中說，烏特勒支是 "世界上第一個(gè)如此大規(guī)模地部署V2G技術(shù)的城市"。
Hyundai
In April last year, Hyundai – in partnership with mobility provider We Drive Solar – launched a project in the Dutch city of Utrecht, which will involve the deployment of 25 of its IONIQ 5 cars equipped with V2G technology. Hyundai said in a statement that Utrecht was the “first city in the world to deploy V2G technology on such a large scale”.
保時(shí)捷
去年4月，保時(shí)捷發(fā)表聲明說，作為更廣泛的車輛保有量的一部分，電動(dòng)汽車可以 "有效地充當(dāng)發(fā)電廠，幫助供應(yīng)所謂的平衡電力--平衡電網(wǎng)波動(dòng)的電力"。該聲明補(bǔ)充說，由保時(shí)捷、電網(wǎng)運(yùn)營商TransnetBW和咨詢公司智能能源系統(tǒng)服務(wù)（IE2S）進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)試點(diǎn)測試表明，"電力平衡能力可以儲(chǔ)存在智能電動(dòng)汽車群的高壓電池中"。作為測試的一部分，共有五輛系列生產(chǎn)的Taycan汽車通過保時(shí)捷家庭能源管理器（HEM）在家庭環(huán)境和實(shí)驗(yàn)室條件下連接到電網(wǎng)。
Porsche
?In April last year, Porsche issued a statement saying that, as part of a wider pool of vehicles, electric cars could “effectively act as a power plant and help supply what is known as balancing power – electrical power that balances out fluctuations in the power grid”. The statement added that a pilot test conducted by Porsche, the grid operator TransnetBW and consulting firm Intelligent Energy System Services (IE2S), had demonstrated that “electrical balancing power can be stored in the high-voltage batteries of an intelligent swarm of electric cars”. As part of the test, a total of five series-production Taycan vehicles were connected to the power grid via the Porsche Home Energy Manager (HEM) both in a domestic environment and under laboratory conditions.
特斯拉
本月早些時(shí)候，有報(bào)道稱特斯拉汽車將在 "未來兩年內(nèi)"兼容V2G。
Tesla
?Earlier this month, it was reported that Tesla vehicles will be V2G compatible “within the next two years”.
寶馬
寶馬目前正在 "研究和測試 "V2G技術(shù)，但是，到目前為止，似乎還沒有跡象表明這家汽車制造商何時(shí)能夠提供V2G兼容的汽車。
BMW
?V2G technology is currently being “researched and tested” by BMW, but, as yet, there appears to be no indication as to when the carmaker will be able to offer a V2G-compatible car.
梅賽德斯-奔馳
該汽車制造商的EQS車型將允許在日本進(jìn)行雙向充電。它說，該國的CHAdeMO（Charge de Move）充電標(biāo)準(zhǔn) "支持雙向充電，這是V2G和V2H（車輛到家庭）等應(yīng)用的先決條件"。
Mercedes-Benz
?The car manufacturer’s EQS model will allow bidirectional charging in Japan. It says that the CHAdeMO (Charge de Move) charging standard in the country “supports bidirectional charging, which is the prerequisite for applications such as V2G and V2H (Vehicle-to-Home)”.
菲亞特
2020年，菲亞特克萊斯勒汽車公司與ENGIE和電網(wǎng)運(yùn)營商Terna集團(tuán)合作，在意大利的Mirafiori工廠開始了一個(gè)V2G項(xiàng)目。
Fiat
?In 2020, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles began a V2G project - in partnership with ENGIE and electricity grid operator Terna Group - at the Mirafiori plant in Italy.
V2G會(huì)增強(qiáng)或損害電動(dòng)汽車電池嗎？
Does V2G enhance or damage EV batteries?
另一個(gè)可能需要克服的障礙是，人們認(rèn)為V2G能力最終會(huì)縮短電動(dòng)汽車電池的壽命。Virta強(qiáng)調(diào)，"一些V2G反對(duì)者 "聲稱，使用V2G技術(shù)會(huì)使汽車電池的壽命縮短。然而，Virta對(duì)此提出異議，稱V2G放電并不影響電池壽命，因?yàn)樗?"每天只發(fā)生幾分鐘"。他補(bǔ)充說："反正汽車電池每天都在放電--隨著汽車的使用，電池也在放電，所以我們可以開車到處跑"。
Another potential barrier that may need to be overcome is the perception that V2G capability could ultimately shorten the life of electric vehicle batteries. Virta has highlighted the fact that “some V2G opponents” claim that using V2G technology makes car batteries less long-lasting. However, Virta disputes this, saying that V2G discharging doesn’t affect the battery life, as it “only happens for a few minutes each day”. It adds that car batteries are “being drained daily anyway – as the car is used, the battery is discharged so we can drive around”.
事實(shí)上，甚至有人聲稱，V2G技術(shù)可以提高汽車電池的性能。華威大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究--涉及開發(fā)一個(gè) "基于從50多個(gè)商用C6/LiNiCoAlO2電池長期退化實(shí)驗(yàn)中收集的長期老化數(shù)據(jù)的綜合電池退化模型"--得出結(jié)論，“相比于沒有V2G的情況，智能電網(wǎng)更能夠延長電動(dòng)車電池的壽命”。該研究的模擬結(jié)果顯示，"如果每天的駕駛消耗21%至38%的電荷容量，那么在三個(gè)月的時(shí)間里，向電網(wǎng)排放40%至8%的電池電荷狀態(tài)可以減少大約6%的容量衰減和3%的功率衰減"。
Indeed, there have even been claims that V2G technology could even improve a car battery’s performance. A study by the University of Warwick – which involved the development of a “comprehensive battery degradation model based on long-term ageing data collected from more than fifty long-term degradation experiments on commercial C6/LiNiCoAlO2 batteries” – concluded that the smart grid is able to extend the life of the EV battery “beyond the case in which there is no V2G”. The study showed that simulation results indicate that “if a daily drive cycle consumes between 21% and 38% state of charge, then discharging 40%–8% of the batteries state of charge to the grid can reduce capacity fade by approximately 6% and power fade by 3% over a three-month period”.
特斯拉的馬斯克：很少有人會(huì)使用雙向充電
Tesla’s Musk: Few will use bi-directional charging
盡管本月早些時(shí)候，如前所述，聲稱特斯拉汽車將在兩年內(nèi)兼容V2G，但該公司首席執(zhí)行官埃隆-馬斯克表示，他認(rèn)為沒有多少人會(huì)使用雙向充電，除非他們有Powerwall（一種特斯拉電池，可以儲(chǔ)存電能，檢測停電，并在電網(wǎng)癱瘓時(shí)自動(dòng)成為家庭電源），因?yàn)?"如果你拔掉汽車插頭，你的房子會(huì)變黑，這是非常不方便的。"
Despite the fact that earlier this month, as previously mentioned, it was claimed that Tesla vehicles will be V2G compatible within two years, the company’s CEO Elon Musk has said that he doesn’t think many people will use bi-directional charging, unless they have a Powerwall [a Tesla battery that stores energy, detects outages and automatically becomes a homes power source when the grid goes down] because “if you unplug your car, your house goes dark and this is extremely inconvenient.”
馬斯克對(duì)廣泛利用V2G技術(shù)的潛力持懷疑態(tài)度，這引起了業(yè)界的驚訝，盡管有人猜測，這些評(píng)論只是反映了一個(gè)事實(shí)，即特斯拉在這個(gè)確切的時(shí)間點(diǎn)上對(duì)其固定存儲(chǔ)產(chǎn)品，如MegaPack和Powerwall的更大部署感興趣。另一方面，馬斯克的評(píng)論會(huì)不會(huì)是一個(gè)狡猾的策略的一部分，以增加 "Powerwall "產(chǎn)品的使用率，為V2G技術(shù)的廣泛采用做準(zhǔn)備？
Musk’s scepticism about the potential for widespread utilisation of V2G technology caused surprise in the industry, though there was speculation that the comments merely reflected the fact that Tesla is, at this precise moment in time, more interested in the greater deployment of its stationary storage products, such as MegaPack and Powerwall. On the other hand, could it be that Musk’s comments are part of a cunning ploy to increase the uptake of the ‘Powerwall’ product in preparation for the wider adoption of V2G technology?
V2G的崛起將是不可阻擋的
Rise of V2G will be inexorable
所有跡象表明，V2G將在未來幾年內(nèi)作為全球儲(chǔ)能能力的主要貢獻(xiàn)者之一而崛起。DNV表示，智能電表、智能電網(wǎng)和未來幾年的 "監(jiān)管變化 "將激勵(lì)車主使用V2G技術(shù)。該風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為，從2040年起，全球V2G系統(tǒng)的影響將"幾乎與專用鋰電池儲(chǔ)能（或更先進(jìn)的化學(xué)成分）和抽水蓄能的影響一樣大"，到2050年全球?qū)⑦_(dá)到220TWh/年。
All the signs are that V2G will rise to prominence as one of the key contributors of energy storage capacity around the world in the coming years. DNV has said that smart meters, smart grids and “regulatory changes” in the coming years will incentivise car owners to use V2G technology. The risk management body has concluded that, from 2040 onwards, the impact of V2G systems worldwide will be “almost as large as that of dedicated li-ion batteries (or more advanced chemistries) and pumped hydro”, reaching 220 TWh/yr globally by 2050.
V2G的崛起將是不可阻擋的。道路上越來越多的電動(dòng)汽車意味著：如果不能廣泛部署這種技術(shù)，將會(huì)是在發(fā)展零碳社會(huì)過程中出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)明顯疏忽。
The rise of V2G will be inexorable. The ever-increasing number of electric cars on the road means that the failure to widely deploy such technology would represent a glaring oversight in the drive to develop a carbon-free society.
儲(chǔ) 能 今 日 小 課 堂
◆ 儲(chǔ)能回收 | Energy storage recovery
儲(chǔ)能回收是指通過儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)將電能轉(zhuǎn)化為化學(xué)能或其他形式的能量，并在需要時(shí)將其釋放出來。
◆ 儲(chǔ)能項(xiàng)目 | Energy storage project
儲(chǔ)能項(xiàng)目是指建設(shè)和運(yùn)營的具體儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)，包括儲(chǔ)能設(shè)備、控制系統(tǒng)和配套設(shè)施等。
◆ 儲(chǔ)能成本 | Energy storage cost
儲(chǔ)能成本是指建設(shè)、運(yùn)營和維護(hù)儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)所需的經(jīng)濟(jì)投入，包括設(shè)備、材料、勞動(dòng)力和運(yùn)營費(fèi)用等。
